F. Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolism in “The Great Gatsby” to reinforce the novel’s critique of the American Dream, which is a central theme of the novel. Symbolism allows Fitzgerald to convey complex ideas and themes without being too on-the-nose, adding depth and complexity to the narrative. Here are some examples of how symbolism enhances the novel’s critique of the American Dream:

1. The Green Light: The green light across the water, which Gatsby longs for, symbolizes the elusive and often unattainable nature of the American Dream. The light represents the idea of wealth, status, and happiness, but it remains just out of reach for Gatsby, highlighting the futility of pursuing an unattainable goal.
2. The Valley of Ashes: The desolate wasteland between Long Island and New York City, where the valley of ashes is located, symbolizes the moral decay and corruption that lies beneath the surface of American society. This symbol highlights the dark underbelly of the American Dream, which is often shrouded in superficiality and hypocrisy.
3. The Eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg: The giant eyes on a billboard in the valley of ashes gaze down upon George Wilson’s garage, symbolizing God or a higher power judging humanity’s morality. This symbol underscores the idea that Americans often prioritize material wealth and status over moral character and values.
4. The Color White: White is often associated with purity and innocence in American culture. However, in “The Great Gatsby,” white is also linked to corruption and moral decay. For example, Daisy’s white dresses and Gatsby’s white suit symbolize their superficiality and lack of genuine character.
5. The Beach: The beach represents a sense of freedom and escape from societal norms. However, it also serves as a backdrop for tragic events, such as Myrtle’s death and Gatsby’s failed pursuit of Daisy. This symbol highlights how the American Dream can be an unattainable illusion that ultimately leads to disappointment and disillusionment.
6. Mental Illness: The mental instability of characters like Daisy, Tom, and Jordan represents the emptiness and desperation that can result from chasing an unattainable dream. This symbol emphasizes how the American Dream can be a source of anxiety and unhappiness rather than fulfillment.