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World History

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Home/World History/Page 18

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Rebekah J Peter
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Rebekah J PeterBegginer
Asked: July 21, 2024In: , , , ,
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feudalismhistoryindustrial revolutioninventionmodern eraworld history
  1. Aastha Jha
    Aastha Jha Begginer

    The Industrial Revolution was a pivotal force in transitioning from a feudal society to one based on capitalism. It introduced technological advancements and new forms of production, which significantly altered economic and social structures. 1. Technological Innovation and Production: The IndustriaRead more

    The Industrial Revolution was a pivotal force in transitioning from a feudal society to one based on capitalism. It introduced technological advancements and new forms of production, which significantly altered economic and social structures.

    1. Technological Innovation and Production: The Industrial Revolution saw the introduction of machinery and mass production techniques, particularly in industries like textiles and manufacturing. This increased productivity and reduced the reliance on manual labor, which was a cornerstone of the feudal economy.

    2. Urbanization: The rise of factories led to a migration from rural areas to cities, where new jobs were available. This urbanization diminished the traditional feudal relationships between lords and peasants, as people moved away from agrarian lifestyles and into wage labor.

    3. Capital Accumulation and Investment: Industrialization required significant capital investment in machinery and infrastructure. This need for capital shifted economic power towards those who could finance industrial enterprises, fostering a capitalist class of entrepreneurs and investors. Unlike the feudal economy, where wealth was tied to land ownership, capitalism was driven by the accumulation and investment of capital in industries.

    4. Market Expansion and Trade: The Industrial Revolution expanded markets both domestically and internationally. The production of goods on a large scale led to a surplus, which required new markets. This expansion facilitated global trade and the exchange of goods, further promoting capitalist economic structures.

    5. Decline of Feudal Hierarchies: As industrial and capitalist economies grew, the feudal system, characterized by rigid social hierarchies and land-based wealth, became obsolete. The rise of a new middle class, along with increased social mobility, eroded the traditional feudal power structures.

    In summary, the Industrial Revolution was instrumental in dismantling the feudal order and establishing a capitalist economy by fostering technological innovation, urbanization, capital investment, market expansion, and the decline of feudal hierarchies.

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Vrinda
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VrindaBegginer
Asked: July 23, 2024In: ,
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What factors led to the late abolition of monarchy in Nepal?

  1. Neha Kumari
    Neha Kumari Begginer

    The monarchy in Nepal lasted a long time because it was deeply ingrained in the country's culture and history. Political instability and a Maoist rebellion also played a big role. There was pressure from other countries for Nepal to become more democratic. Inside Nepal, there were movements pushingRead more

    The monarchy in Nepal lasted a long time because it was deeply ingrained in the country’s culture and history. Political instability and a Maoist rebellion also played a big role. There was pressure from other countries for Nepal to become more democratic. Inside Nepal, there were movements pushing for change. King Gyanendra’s unpopular actions sped up the process, and Nepal finally became a federal democratic republic in 2008. (this is summery of the answer now,i am going to explain it further)

    people were angry and initiated revolt

    The late abolition of monarchy in Nepal was influenced by several key factors

    1. Historical and Cultural Significance: The monarchy in Nepal had deep historical roots and cultural significance, dating back centuries.
    2. Political Instability: Nepal experienced significant political turmoil over the years, exacerbated by internal conflicts and governance challenges.
    3. International Pressure: As a member of the global community, Nepal faced increasing pressure from international organizations and foreign governments to democratize and respect human rights.
    4. Internal Political Movements: Within Nepal, various political movements, including the 2006 People’s Movement (Jana Andolan II), mobilized mass protests demanding democratic reforms and the abolition of the monarchy. .
    5. King Gyanendra’s Actions: King Gyanendra’s decision to dissolve the parliament in 2005 and assume direct rule was widely unpopular and sparked widespread protests. His actions further galvanized opposition to the monarchy and accelerated calls for its abolition

    thank you

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charmi dedhia
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charmi dedhiaBegginer
Asked: July 25, 2024In:
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  1. Anita Dhruw
    Anita Dhruw Legend

    Despite the fact that both medieval Japan samurai culture and Europe feudalism seems similar, they developed differently with different contributing factors. Similarities: Hierarchical Structure: The two systems are both ranked, and social stratification was clear and distinct. In Japan, the masterRead more

    Despite the fact that both medieval Japan samurai culture and Europe feudalism seems similar, they developed differently with different contributing factors.

    Similarities:

    Hierarchical Structure: The two systems are both ranked, and social stratification was clear and distinct. In Japan, the master was called daimyo, and samurai class was his vassal; in Europe, the master was a lord, and the knights served him.
    -Code of Conduct: There was strong code of conduct in both the Samurai and Knights of the Middle Ages. This is because Bushido, the way of the warrior, focused on loyalty, honor and war craft knowledge; while chivalry focused on valor, politeness and loyalty to the superior.
    -Land-Based Economy: Both societies were mainly rural and control of arable land was a primary basis of this power and wealth.

    Differences:

    -Central Authority: European feudalism was the result of decline of centralized power of Rome and emergence of decentralized governance system; though big local lords were the results not kings. Japanese feudalism took place under imperial oversight while at the same time real control existed in the hands of the shogunate.
    Religious Influence: Even though people I believe religion was a factor in the two systems, the influence was not the same. This makes it easier to see how Shinto and Buddhism influenced Japanese culture and influenced what the samurai might have valued; Christianity influenced European feudal society far more, through the Church’s role in the political and social spheres.
    Limited Direct Influence

    As for medieval Japan and Europe there had been no direct contact between the cultures however similarity of societies that were under the similar kind of pressures such as accumulated decentralization of powers, need of protection, and economization with agriculture at its base, these would develop same solutions for these problems. However the nature of feudalism in the two areas differed due to the difference geographical location and historical backgrounds that were obtainable in Japan and Europe.

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Nistha Hansaria
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Nistha HansariaBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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  1. Dotma Dy
    Dotma Dy Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Major Contributions of the Sumerians to Early Civilization: The Sumerians, who settled in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE, made several critical contributions to early civilization: - Writing System: The Sumerians developed one of the earliest known writing systems, cuneiform, around 3400 BCE. InitiallyRead more

    1. Major Contributions of the Sumerians to Early Civilization:

    The Sumerians, who settled in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE, made several critical contributions to early civilization:

    – Writing System: The Sumerians developed one of the earliest known writing systems, cuneiform, around 3400 BCE. Initially used for record-keeping, cuneiform evolved to include literature, legal codes, and administrative documents. This writing system greatly enhanced communication, record-keeping, and the administration of complex societies.

    – Legal Codes: The Sumerians established one of the earliest known legal systems. Although the famous Code of Hammurabi came later, Sumerian laws and administrative practices laid the groundwork for formal legal systems.

    – Urbanization and City-States: The Sumerians are credited with the development of city-states, such as Ur, Uruk, and Lagash. These city-states were independent political units that featured advanced urban planning, including monumental architecture and complex administrative structures.

    – Technological Innovations: They made significant advancements in technology and engineering, including the development of the wheel, which revolutionized transport and pottery. Their engineering skills also led to the construction of complex irrigation systems that supported agriculture in the arid region.

    – Mathematics and Astronomy: The Sumerians developed a sophisticated system of mathematics based on the number 60, which influenced later cultures. They also made early contributions to astronomy, including the creation of a lunar calendar.

    – Religious and Cultural Contributions: Sumerian religious beliefs, myths, and epic tales, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, had a lasting influence on later cultures. Their polytheistic religion and ziggurats (massive temple complexes) are notable aspects of their cultural legacy.

     

    2. Political Structure of Ancient Egypt vs. Mesopotamia

    The political structures of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia were distinct in several ways:

    Ancient Egypt:

    – Centralized Monarchy: Ancient Egypt was characterized by a highly centralized political structure under a single ruler, the Pharaoh. The Pharaoh was considered both a divine figure and a political leader, embodying the state’s authority and religious significance. This centralization contributed to the stability and longevity of the Egyptian state.

    – Divine Kingship: The Pharaoh was viewed as a god-king, a living deity who maintained Ma’at (cosmic order) and had absolute control over the land and its people. This theocratic system meant that religion and politics were closely intertwined.

    – Administrative Organization: Egypt was divided into administrative regions called nomes, each governed by a nomarch. While the Pharaoh held ultimate authority, local administration was crucial for managing Egypt’s vast territory and resources.

    – Consistency and Continuity: The centralized nature of Egyptian governance provided a high degree of consistency and continuity over millennia. The Pharaoh’s divine status and the state’s bureaucratic structure helped maintain stability and continuity in Egyptian civilization.

     

     Mesopotamia:

    – Decentralized City-States: In contrast to Egypt, Mesopotamia was composed of numerous independent city-states, such as Uruk, Ur, and Babylon. Each city-state had its own ruler, often a king or a priest-king, and operated independently of the others. This decentralized structure led to frequent conflicts and shifting alliances between city-states.

    – Theocratic and Secular Rulers: In Mesopotamia, rulers were often both secular and religious leaders, but their divine status was not as absolute as that of the Pharaoh. Mesopotamian rulers often sought legitimacy through divine favor and maintained a more complex relationship with their deities compared to the Egyptian Pharaohs.

    – Legal Codes and Governance: Mesopotamian city-states developed detailed legal codes and administrative practices, including the famous Code of Hammurabi. These codes were crucial for managing the affairs of individual city-states and were often enforced by local rulers.

    – Political Instability: The political landscape in Mesopotamia was marked by more frequent changes in power and territorial boundaries due to the lack of a unified state structure. The rise and fall of various city-states and empires, such as the Akkadian Empire and the Babylonian Empire, illustrate the region’s political instability.

    In summary, while ancient Egypt’s political structure was characterized by centralized divine kingship and administrative continuity, Mesopotamia was marked by a decentralized network of city-states with more frequent political changes and complex governance systems.

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Bhavika Arora
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Bhavika AroraBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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  1. Raudas Singh
    Raudas Singh Begginer

    If Hitler and Nazi Germany had won World War II, the current world order would likely be vastly different and terrifying. Here are some possible scenarios: Europe: The European continent would be under direct Nazi control, with Germany as the dominant power. The Nazis would have likely imposed theirRead more

    If Hitler and Nazi Germany had won World War II, the current world order would likely be vastly different and terrifying. Here are some possible scenarios:

    Europe:

    • The European continent would be under direct Nazi control, with Germany as the dominant power. The Nazis would have likely imposed their ideology, suppressing any opposition and dissent.
    • The Soviet Union would have been defeated and broken up into smaller states, with the Nazis possibly occupying parts of Eastern Europe.
    • The United Kingdom would have been occupied and possibly forced to sign a peace treaty recognizing German dominance.

    Asia:

    • Japan would have likely continued its expansionist policies, potentially absorbing more territories in East Asia and Southeast Asia, including China, Korea, and Indonesia.
    • The Indian subcontinent might have been divided between the British Empire and Nazi Germany, with India possibly being a British-dominated territory and Pakistan being part of a larger German-occupied region.
    • Southeast Asia might have seen the rise of Japanese-dominated puppet states or client governments.

    North America:

    • The United States would have likely been occupied by the Allies, with Germany having secured a foothold in North America through their invasion of the continent.
    • Canada might have been occupied or at least heavily influenced by Germany, potentially becoming a German-Canadian dominion.

    South America:

    • Argentina, Brazil, and other South American countries might have maintained their independence but would have likely had close ties with Nazi Germany, potentially hosting German military bases or intelligence operations.

    Africa:

    • Africa would have likely been divided between colonial powers, with Germany potentially gaining control over significant territories, especially in East Africa.
    • The Italian colonies in North Africa would have likely remained under Italian control.

    Global Economy:

    • The global economy would have been severely disrupted, with the Nazis imposing their own economic system, potentially leading to widespread poverty, famine, and shortages.
    • International trade would have been heavily controlled by the Axis powers, with limited access to resources and markets for non-allied nations.

    Society and Culture:

    • Racism and anti-Semitism would have become even more entrenched, with the Nazis’ ideology spreading globally.
    • Minority groups would have faced severe persecution, with possible forced relocation, sterilization, or genocide.
    • The arts and culture would have been heavily censored or suppressed to align with Nazi values.

    Technology and Science:

    • Scientific research and technological advancements would have been heavily influenced by Nazi ideology, potentially leading to focus on military applications rather than civilian benefits.
    • The development of nuclear technology might have accelerated under Nazi leadership, potentially leading to even more devastating consequences.

    International Relations:

    • The United Nations would not exist in this scenario, as it was founded in response to Nazi aggression. International organizations like the League of Nations might have been replaced by Axis-controlled organizations.
    • Diplomatic relations between nations would be heavily influenced by Nazi ideology and military strength.
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Bhavika Arora
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Bhavika AroraBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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  1. Sammi Bhargav
    Sammi Bhargav Begginer

    This is a very thought-provoking and disturbing hypothetical scenario. If Hitler and Nazi Germany had emerged victorious in World War II, the resulting world order would likely have been a dystopian nightmare: Global Authoritarianism and Fascism: Nazi ideology and the totalitarian Nazi state would hRead more

    This is a very thought-provoking and disturbing hypothetical scenario. If Hitler and Nazi Germany had emerged victorious in World War II, the resulting world order would likely have been a dystopian nightmare:

    1. Global Authoritarianism and Fascism:
      • Nazi ideology and the totalitarian Nazi state would have been imposed across much of the world. Democracy, individual liberties, and human rights would have been severely curtailed or eliminated.
      • A global network of fascist, Nazi-aligned regimes would have dominated international politics, economics, and culture.
    2. Racial Hierarchy and Genocide:
      • The Nazi belief in Aryan supremacy and racial hatred would have been institutionalized globally. Systematic persecution, forced labor, and genocide of “undesirable” groups, such as Jews, Roma, Slavs, and other minorities, would have continued on a massive scale.
      • The Nazi vision of a “Master Race” ruling over subjugated populations would have become a horrifying reality.
    3. Expansionism and Territorial Control:
      • Nazi Germany’s aggressive expansionism and quest for “living space” would have led to the annexation and occupation of vast territories, redrawing global boundaries and spheres of influence.
      • The Nazi regime would have sought to control and exploit the resources and populations of conquered lands, further entrenching its power.
    4. Scientific Totalitarianism and Technological Oppression:
      • The Nazi regime’s emphasis on science and technology would have been leveraged for systems of surveillance, control, and repression, rather than for the betterment of humanity.
      • Advanced technologies, such as weapons of mass destruction, could have been developed and used to maintain the Nazi’s grip on power.
    5. Cultural Homogenization and Suppression:
      • The Nazi ideology of cultural superiority would have led to the suppression and erasure of diverse cultures, languages, and traditions around the world.
      • A monolithic, Nazi-approved cultural and artistic landscape would have been imposed, stifling creativity and free expression.
    6. Economic Exploitation and Autarky:
      • The Nazi economic model, based on state control, militarism, and the exploitation of conquered territories, would have been implemented globally.
      • This could have resulted in a highly centralized, autarkic economic system that prioritized the needs of the Nazi regime over the welfare of the people.
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Divyanshi Maheshwari
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Divyanshi MaheshwariBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
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How does the Seine River massacre compare to other historical incidents of violence or mass killings?

  1. Lakshmi Devi
    Lakshmi Devi Begginer

    The Seine River massacre, also known as the Paris Massacre, refers to the brutal slaughter of over 1,300 people by the French National Guard on July 13-14, 1792, during the French Revolution. This event was a pivotal moment in the Reign of Terror and one of the most violent incidents in French histoRead more

    The Seine River massacre, also known as the Paris Massacre, refers to the brutal slaughter of over 1,300 people by the French National Guard on July 13-14, 1792, during the French Revolution. This event was a pivotal moment in the Reign of Terror and one of the most violent incidents in French history.

    To put this incident into perspective, here are some comparisons with other historical incidents of violence or mass killings:

    1. Tulip Mania Massacre (1636-1637): During the Dutch Golden Age, thousands of people died due to speculation and market fluctuations in tulip bulbs. The Paris Massacre was more violent and destructive, with over 1,300 deaths in a single day.
    2. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572): This event in France saw the massacre of an estimated 10,000 Huguenots by Catholic forces. While both incidents were brutal and devastating, the Paris Massacre was more focused on a specific group (the sans-culottes) rather than a religious group.
    3. Soviet forced labor camps (1930s-1950s): During Stalin’s regime, millions of people died in forced labor camps, including prisoners of war, political prisoners, and ordinary citizens accused of counter-revolutionary activities. The Paris Massacre was a single day’s violence, whereas the Soviet forced labor camps operated over several decades.
    4. Nanking Massacre (1937): Japanese troops killed an estimated 150,000-300,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war in Nanking, China. While both incidents were devastating and brutal, the scale and duration of the Nanking Massacre were much larger.
    5. ** Rwandan Genocide (1994)**: Over 800,000 people were killed during a 100-day period in Rwanda due to ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi populations. The Paris Massacre was a short-lived event compared to the prolonged violence and genocide in Rwanda.
    6. Holocaust (1933-1945): The systematic persecution and extermination of six million Jews and millions of others deemed undesirable by the Nazi regime during World War II is one of the most significant genocides in human history. The Paris Massacre pales in comparison to the sheer scale and scope of the Holocaust.

    While the Seine River massacre was a significant event in French history and a testament to the brutality of the Reign of Terror, it is important to consider its context and compare it to other incidents of violence and mass killings throughout history to gain a deeper understanding of its significance.

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Yordanos
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YordanosBegginer
Asked: July 31, 2024In:
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What makes Ethiopia a unique country in Africa even in the world?

list
  1. Anita Dhruw
    Anita Dhruw Legend

    Ethiopia is a special country in Africa and the whole world because of its historical background, colorful cultural endowment and tenacity of its people. It boasts of being of one of the oldest civilizations inhabited by the Kingdom of Aksum people and it hosts some of the fossilized early man knownRead more

    Ethiopia is a special country in Africa and the whole world because of its historical background, colorful cultural endowment and tenacity of its people. It boasts of being of one of the oldest civilizations inhabited by the Kingdom of Aksum people and it hosts some of the fossilized early man known as *Lucy*. The Ethiopians people often refer to their home country as The Cradle of Humankind.

    Another difference is that Ethiopia is the only African country that had not been colonized by Europe and which defeated Italy in the battle of Adwa in 1896. This maintained its independence during colonial period and makes it one of founding member of League of Nation and United Nations.

    Ethiopia is famous for its religious background, as the Ethiopian state has been recognized as the World’s first christian nation, and being home to one of the oldest existing christian organisations – the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewehdo Church. It is also important in Islam, because people who supported Prophet Muhammad used to seek asylum in Medina. That it is however a little different from other religions is evidenced by other facets such as the employment of a special type of script called Ge’ez and the Ethiopian calendar which is about seven to eight years behind the calendar commonly used in many parts of the world popularly known as the Gregorian calendar.

    H SAFELY, ethnolinguistically the country is highly diverse, and physically, Ethiopia has features like the Simien Mountains, the Great Rift Valley, the Afar triangle and the Danakil Depression. It is the source of Blue Nile, necessity for civilization all over the world for centuries. Traditionally, it is associated with coffee production, and social meals with communal grains like Injera served with different stews symbolizes identity of the society.

    The city of Addis Ababa is home to the African Union and Kofi Annan, the United Nations, which puts ethiopia in the center of pan africanism. The biological diversity that ranges from the low lands to high altitudes and the celebration of the customs as well as heritage regardless of any difficulty that the country may encounter make Ethiopia rare and most important in the world today.

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Atharva Gadhave
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Atharva GadhaveBegginer
Asked: July 31, 2024In:
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historyquestion
  1. Abraham
    Abraham Begginer

    The Cold War cast a long, chilling shadow over the latter half of the 20th century, creating a global atmosphere of tension and competition. In the USA, the pervasive fear of Soviet communism spurred significant political and social changes. Domestically, McCarthyism fueled paranoia and led to widesRead more

    The Cold War cast a long, chilling shadow over the latter half of the 20th century, creating a global atmosphere of tension and competition. In the USA, the pervasive fear of Soviet communism spurred significant political and social changes. Domestically, McCarthyism fueled paranoia and led to widespread investigations of suspected communists, impacting the lives and careers of many. Economically, the US engaged in an arms race, heavily investing in military technology and defense, which significantly shaped its industrial and technological advancements.

    In the USSR, the Cold War prompted intense efforts to rival Western technological and military achievements. This resulted in a robust military-industrial complex and significant investments in space exploration, culminating in milestones like the launch of Sputnik. However, the relentless pursuit of military dominance strained the Soviet economy and exacerbated internal inefficiencies, contributing to eventual economic stagnation.

    Globally, the Cold War’s influence extended to proxy wars, where countries became battlegrounds for ideological conflicts between superpowers. Nations aligned themselves with either the capitalist West or the communist East, often at the cost of their own political stability and economic development.

    The era ended in a somber realization: despite grand displays of power and technological prowess, the world remained starkly divided, and the ideological conflict left an indelible mark on international relations.

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Sarthak Jana
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Sarthak JanaBegginer
Asked: August 2, 2024In: , , ,
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The common narrative is what the League of Nations was an abject failure. However, that is too simple a picture I think and history rarely plays out that way. And much of the historiography of the period paints the failures ...

question
  1. Anita Dhruw
    Anita Dhruw Legend

    You are right though, as in the sense that while in most of its profiles, the League of Nations is associated with its failures, these tend to overshadow its successes and the dynamics, as well as the variations, of both its success and failure profiles. In general, historians and historians of theRead more

    You are right though, as in the sense that while in most of its profiles, the League of Nations is associated with its failures, these tend to overshadow its successes and the dynamics, as well as the variations, of both its success and failure profiles. In general, historians and historians of the international relations point to its losses as the failure of the League at stopping global war, however it is important to mention that the League was not a failure in every respect –at services of international disputes mediation, cooperative processes, humanitarian issues.

    Some Case or Success stories on Dispute Resolution
    This paper will also argue that the League of Nations was able to solve some of the conflicts that arose after the First World War. Here are some:
    1. Aaland Islands (1921):
    With reference to this, the League of Nations was able to resolve a problem that arose between Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands. They relinquished the islands to Finland, but the Finnish government agreed to provide cultural rights for the Swedes who constituted the minority in these islands.
    2. Upper Silesia (1921):
    After conducting a plebiscite, the League was able to mediate on a contentious issue on the border between Germany and Poland.     A party of the League compelled territorial division of Upper Silesia. The violence thus did not get any worse than that .

    3. Mosul (1924-1926):
    The League of Nations compelled the use of arbitration in regards to the issue of the territory between Iraq-Iraq was under the British mandate back then-and Turkey over the Mosul area. It decided in favour of giving Mosul to Iraq. This was largely the case because of the pressure they received from the British.

    4. Greek-Bulgarian Border Incident (1925):
    The League did not waste a lot of time as soon as a border incident between Greece and Bulgaria arose by demanding an immediate ceasefire and launched an inquiry immediately. According to the League’s instructions, both parties reacted in the same manner as if they are engaged with a mediator of some minor regional disputes.

    5. Saar Territory Administration:
    The League managed and later submitted the case to a plebiscite the territory of Saar, which was peacefully reincorporated into Germany in 1935.

    Limitations in Dispute Resolution:
    Although the League of Nations did experience some successes, its failures in more complex, large-scale disputes did reveal its structural weaknesses:

    1. Manchurian Crisis (1931-1933):
    The aggression by Japan in Manchuria and the creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo revealed the weaknesses of the league of Nations in its provision of sanctions. Japan just resigned from the League after they were scolded.

    2. Abyssinian Crisis (1935-1936):
    This had been revealed by the failure of the League to prevent Italy from invading Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Because of the weak sanctions and Britain and France’s desire to please Mussolini on this issue all credibility of the league was erased.

    3. Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939:
    The League did virtually nothing in this period, which proved that it had no roles of any importance in any significant conflict involving the great powers.

    4. German Rearmament and Expansion:
    This organization was incapable of stopping German’s transgression of the Treaty of Versailles; for instance rearmament and territorial agriculture under Hitler since Britain and France did not want any confrontations.

    As the league was successful in some parts, why was it also limited in others?
    The League’s haphazard record of dispute settlement was due in part to its design and the international politics of the interwar years:

    Structural Flaws:
    – Every important decision in the work of the organization was made by voting, so any member could cancel any action.
    This ion had no proper army that would implement the decisions; they were given based on members’ voluntary adherence to them.

    No Key Powers:
    – The United States never signed on which left it alone among the mightiest economies of the world and without a potential peace enforcer.
    – Germany and the Soviet Union were the only important powers missing, and this absence of Germany and the Soviet Union undermined the claim to universal legitimacy of the League.

    Geopolitical Constraints
    International cooperation became weak with the advent of a global economic crisis in the 1930s (Great Depression).
    The national interests superceded the collective action, particularly among major powers like Britain and France.

    Conclusion
    It was not entirely without any success; it did not attain its primary goal of saving humankind from another world war. It was able to show that some of the small disputes could be settled through international cooperation and, thereby, paved the way for establishing much greater post-second world war international institutions such as the United Nations. Some of the successes, however, were blighted by enormous failures, thus illuminating the fact that it was more than just a cursory player in the interwar world. The tale of inevitable failure oversimplifies a history of real successes and systemic failures.

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