UKPSC Mains PYQs

The main current obstacles between India and Pakistan include the longstanding Kashmir dispute, which remains a significant source of tension. Terrorism is another critical issue; India accuses Pakistan of supporting terrorist activities on its soil, while Pakistan denies these claims and points to India’s alleged interference in its internal matters.

Ceasefire violations along the Line of Control further exacerbate relations, as do deep-rooted mistrust and cultural differences. Political instability within both countries also complicates diplomatic efforts. Additionally, issues like water disputes and nuclear concerns contribute to the strained ties. Without meaningful dialogue and trust-building measures, the prospects for improving relations remain dim.

The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched to enhance healthcare in rural areas of India. Key programs include:

1. Maternal and Child Health (MCH): Focuses on improving maternal and infant health through prenatal and postnatal care, and immunization services.
2. Infectious Disease Control: Programs for vaccination against diseases like polio, TB, and malaria to reduce their prevalence.
3. Health Education and Awareness: Initiatives to educate rural communities about health practices, hygiene, and nutrition.
4. Ayushman Bharat Scheme: Provides health insurance to economically vulnerable families, ensuring access to quality healthcare.

These programs aim to strengthen health systems, reduce disparities, and improve overall health outcomes in rural populations.

Digital India has the potential to be a transformative program by revolutionizing governance, education, and economic growth.

1. E-Governance: It streamlines government services, making them accessible online, reducing bureaucratic delays and enhancing transparency.
2. Education: Digital platforms expand access to quality education through e-learning, benefiting remote areas and promoting skill development.
3. Healthcare: Telemedicine and digital health records improve healthcare access, allowing remote consultations and efficient record management.
4. Economic Growth: Promoting digital payments and e-commerce empowers small businesses and boosts entrepreneurship.
5. Digital Literacy: Initiatives to enhance digital skills among citizens foster inclusivity and empower marginalized communities.

Overall, Digital India aims to create a connected, informed, and empowered society, driving sustainable development and enhancing quality of life.

Van Panchayats are community-based forest management systems in India, particularly significant in Uttarakhand. Established in 2001, they empower local communities to manage and protect forest resources sustainably.

Composition: Van Panchayats are formed through the active participation of local villagers. A Gram Sabha (village assembly) plays a crucial role in the establishment of these panchayats, where community members elect representatives to manage forest resources. Typically, a Van Panchayat consists of members from the local community, ensuring inclusivity and representation. The composition may include diverse stakeholders, such as women and marginalized groups, to ensure equitable participation.

Management: Management of Van Panchayats is overseen by a committee elected by the community members. This committee is responsible for making decisions related to the sustainable use of forest resources, such as timber, medicinal plants, and non-timber forest products. They create rules for resource extraction, conduct awareness programs on forest conservation, and ensure compliance with these rules. Additionally, they collaborate with forest department officials for technical support and guidance.

The establishment of Van Panchayats fosters a sense of ownership among local communities, leading to better forest conservation and sustainable livelihoods. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern practices, Van Panchayats contribute significantly to the ecological balance and economic empowerment of rural populations in Uttarakhand.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) plays a vital role in promoting world peace through education, science, culture, and communication. Established in 1945, its mission is to foster mutual understanding and collaboration among nations.

Objectives:

Promoting Education: UNESCO aims to provide inclusive, equitable quality education for all. It emphasizes lifelong learning and skills development to empower individuals and communities.

Cultural Preservation: The organization works to protect and promote cultural heritage, recognizing the importance of diversity and cultural dialogue in fostering peace.

Scientific Cooperation: UNESCO promotes international scientific collaboration to address global challenges such as climate change, natural disasters, and sustainable development.

Freedom of Expression: By advocating for free access to information and communication, UNESCO supports the role of media and arts in promoting dialogue and understanding.

Role:

UNESCO serves as a platform for dialogue and cooperation among member states, facilitating discussions on education policies, cultural exchanges, and scientific research. Through various programs, such as the World Heritage Sites initiative, it helps protect cultural landmarks and promote tourism that respects local cultures.

Additionally, UNESCO fosters partnerships with civil society, educational institutions, and the private sector to implement its goals. By advocating for social inclusion and justice, it aims to reduce conflicts and build a culture of peace.

In essence, UNESCO’s multifaceted approach—rooted in education, culture, and science—positions it as a crucial entity in the quest for global peace and understanding.