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Home/Social Justice/Social Sector/Services/Page 2

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Dinesh Raghavan
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Dinesh RaghavanBegginer
Asked: January 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (Brief Overview of Malnutrition in India) Opening Statement: Start by addressing the severity of malnutrition in India. Mention the key statistics from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5 (2019-21): 35.5% of children under 5 years are stunted ...

UPSC: Health Sanitation & Nutrition
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The Integrated Nutrition Support Programme, which includes initiatives like Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0, plays a crucial role in combating malnutrition in India, particularly among children, adolescent girls, and pregnant and lactating women. Tackling Malnutrition Through StrategicRead more

    Model Answer

    The Integrated Nutrition Support Programme, which includes initiatives like Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0, plays a crucial role in combating malnutrition in India, particularly among children, adolescent girls, and pregnant and lactating women.

    Tackling Malnutrition Through Strategic Interventions

    Malnutrition in India remains a critical issue, with the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5 (2019-21) revealing alarming statistics, such as 35.5% of children under five being stunted, 19.3% wasted, and 32.1% underweight. Additionally, 67.1% of children aged 6-59 months suffer from anemia. To address these challenges, the Integrated Nutrition Support Programme focuses on a strategic shift in nutrition content and delivery, targeting the root causes of malnutrition.

    Improving Monitoring and Data Systems

    One of the key features of the programme is its emphasis on real-time monitoring to better track malnutrition cases. The Poshan Tracker application is being used to identify and monitor issues like stunting, wasting, and underweight conditions in children. Furthermore, the programme proposes the revival of defunct monitoring systems such as the Common Application Software (CAS), which had been ineffective since 2020. By improving data collection and tracking, the programme can identify gaps and facilitate more targeted interventions.

    Enhancing Community Involvement and Transparency

    The programme actively involves local communities in tackling malnutrition. For instance, Poshan Panchayats, mothers’ groups, and Social Audits are used to ensure transparency and accountability in the utilization of funds. Additionally, it fosters community mobilization by engaging Panchayati Raj Institutions, village organizations, and volunteers, which helps in raising awareness and promoting better nutrition practices. The celebration of Rashtriya Poshan Maah (National Nutrition Month) every September also aims to spread awareness across the country.

    Ensuring Adequate Funding and Resources

    The programme is centrally sponsored and works on a cost-sharing model between the central and state governments, which eases the fiscal burden on states. Despite challenges like inadequate funding and underutilization (as reported in the 2020 CAG report), this approach ensures that funds are available to scale up nutrition support efforts at the local level.

    In conclusion, the Integrated Nutrition Support Programme plays a significant role in addressing the multifaceted issue of malnutrition in India by improving monitoring, enhancing community involvement, ensuring better resource allocation, and promoting health and nutrition awareness.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define ASHA workers and their inception under the National Rural Health Mission (2005). Mention their expansion under the National Urban Health Mission (2013). 2. Role in Advancing Healthcare Healthcare Access: Reach underserved rural populations and marginalized communities. Improved Maternal and ...

UPSC: Health Sanitation & Nutrition
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Role of ASHA Workers in India Significance of ASHA Workers Extending Healthcare Reach: ASHAs connect rural and underserved populations, ensuring healthcare services reach marginalized groups, including women from backward communities. Improving Health Outcomes: They played a pivotal rolRead more

    Model Answer

    Role of ASHA Workers in India

    Significance of ASHA Workers

    1. Extending Healthcare Reach: ASHAs connect rural and underserved populations, ensuring healthcare services reach marginalized groups, including women from backward communities.
    2. Improving Health Outcomes: They played a pivotal role in eradicating polio, enhancing immunization coverage, reducing maternal mortality, and improving neonatal care.
    3. Maternal and Child Health: They promote institutional deliveries and antenatal care, especially in remote regions.
    4. Primary Healthcare Access: ASHAs assist in managing diseases like TB, diabetes, and ensuring child immunization.

    Challenges Faced by ASHA Workers

    1. High Workload: Assigned numerous tasks, often leading to work beyond voluntary status.
    2. Inadequate Compensation: ASHAs lack fixed salaries, relying solely on incentives.
    3. Socio-Cultural Barriers: Limited authority in village councils hampers community-driven initiatives.
    4. Logistical Hurdles: Poor rural infrastructure makes task execution difficult.
    5. Demotivating Factors: Issues include lack of training, staff non-cooperation, and family disapproval.

    Remedial Measures

    1. Enhanced Remuneration: Fixed monthly payments with performance-based incentives.
    2. Skill Development: Training for career progression into roles like ANMs or community health officers.
    3. Policy Recognition: Recognize ASHAs as permanent employees to stabilize their roles.
    4. Social Security: Extend health insurance and welfare scheme access to ASHA workers.
    5. Community Awareness: Sensitize communities about ASHA roles to foster better cooperation.

    Recognizing ASHA workers’ contributions is vital for empowering women, improving healthcare outcomes, and advancing India’s public health initiatives.

    Fact Sources

    • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
    • National Health Mission Reports
    • Census Data on ASHAs
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Ayon Iyengar
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Ayon IyengarLearner
Asked: January 9, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Define Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN): Literacy (ability to read and understand basic texts) and Numeracy (perform simple mathematical calculations) by the end of grade 3. Mention India’s FLN challenge: Poor performance in early grade literacy and numeracy, ...

upsc: education
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Challenges in Achieving Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) in India Inadequate Budget India spends only about 3% of its GDP on education, well below the 6% required to ensure quality education and achieve FLN goals (Source: ASER 2022). Lack of Coordination There is a disconnect beRead more

    Model Answer

    Challenges in Achieving Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) in India

    1. Inadequate Budget
      India spends only about 3% of its GDP on education, well below the 6% required to ensure quality education and achieve FLN goals (Source: ASER 2022).
    2. Lack of Coordination
      There is a disconnect between the Ministry of Women and Child Development and the Ministry of Education, hindering effective delivery of pre-school and formal schooling programs.
    3. Instructional Challenges
      Language barriers and a lack of skilled teachers impede early-grade learning, as many students are taught in a non-native language.
    4. Malnutrition
      High rates of stunting (35.5%), wasting (19.3%), and underweight (32.1%) children (NFHS-5) negatively affect cognitive development and learning abilities.
    5. Inadequate Infrastructure
      Many schools lack basic facilities such as clean water, sanitation, and electricity, which are critical for a conducive learning environment.
    6. Teacher Shortage
      19% of teaching positions are vacant, with rural areas facing even higher shortages, leading to overcrowded classrooms and lack of attention to early-grade education (State of Education Report, 2021).

    Measures to Achieve Universal FLN

    1. Defined Learning Outcomes
      Clear year-wise learning outcomes should be established for pre-schools and up to Grade 3 to ensure structured learning progress.
    2. Holistic Assessment
      Assessments should focus on a range of skills beyond traditional exams, including art, group work, and role play to cater to diverse learning styles.
    3. Teacher Training
      Teachers must be trained to address the emotional, social, and psychological needs of young children, with a focus on experiential learning.
    4. Contextualized Curriculum
      The curriculum should be designed to meet the socio-economic and cultural needs of children, making learning relevant and accessible.
    5. Stakeholder Collaboration
      Schools, teachers, parents, and local communities must collaborate to improve educational outcomes. Regular medical check-ups and nutritious meals are also essential.
    6. National Initiatives
      Programs like NIPUN Bharat and NISHTHA, along with initiatives such as DIKSHA, focus on improving FLN standards and support teacher training and monitoring.

    These combined efforts will help address the existing challenges and move towards universal FLN in India.

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Ayon Iyengar
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Ayon IyengarLearner
Asked: January 9, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define human capital development (health, knowledge, skills). Mention the importance of early childhood, adolescence, and youth in shaping human capital. Briefly introduce how the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted human capital accumulation. 2. Disruptions during Critical Phases Early Childhood: Lack of food ...

upsc: human resource & human capital
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Disruptions in Human Capital Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic 1. Lack of Food Security and Healthcare The pandemic caused significant reductions in household income, leading to food insecurity for children, negatively impacting their physical and cognitive development. The restrRead more

    Model Answer

    Disruptions in Human Capital Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic

    1. Lack of Food Security and Healthcare
    The pandemic caused significant reductions in household income, leading to food insecurity for children, negatively impacting their physical and cognitive development. The restrictions on movement and healthcare staff shortages further limited children’s access to essential health services, increasing the risk of long-term disabilities (World Bank).

    2. Deterioration of Family Environment and Missed Preschool Education
    Children’s home environments worsened during the pandemic, and millions of children missed out on preschool education, impairing their early development and preparation for elementary school.

    3. Learning Losses and Dropout Risk
    Remote learning, although implemented, was not accessible to all, especially marginalized groups, leading to significant learning losses. Many children, particularly from disadvantaged backgrounds, failed to return to school after closures, affecting their educational trajectory.

    4. Youth Employment Losses
    The youth faced severe employment setbacks, disrupting their transition from education to work. This period is crucial for accumulating human capital, and the pandemic exacerbated the long-term consequences by delaying their entry into the workforce.

    Measures to Overcome These Losses

    1. Support for Households
    Government policies should support households recovering from pandemic-induced income losses to ensure children do not miss essential healthcare or preschool services.

    2. Enhanced Learning Interventions
    To address learning losses, measures like extended instructional time, targeted catch-up programs, and tutoring for students who fell behind should be implemented. Curriculum adjustments to focus on foundational skills will help students regain lost learning.

    3. Reducing Dropouts and Financial Constraints
    Tracking at-risk students, providing financial support, and implementing streamlined curricula can help reduce school dropouts.

    4. Promoting Youth Employment
    Government policies should focus on demand-side measures to stimulate hiring, along with adaptive training programs, job placement initiatives, and entrepreneurship support for youth.

    By rebuilding human capital through targeted interventions, countries can recover from the setbacks caused by the pandemic and prepare for future challenges.

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Ayon Iyengar
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Ayon IyengarLearner
Asked: January 9, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Start with a brief overview of the growing importance of e-health services globally and in India. Mention the government’s emphasis on digital health technologies, especially after the pandemic. 2. Body Structure Opportunities for E-Health Services in India Addressing Healthcare Access: ...

UPSC: Health Sanitation & Nutrition
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Opportunities for E-Health Services in India Expanding Digital Health Market: India's digital health sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29.6% (2019-2025). By 2030, over 1 billion Indians may use digital health services. This positions India as a major market for global health IT plRead more

    Model Answer

    Opportunities for E-Health Services in India

    1. Expanding Digital Health Market: India’s digital health sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29.6% (2019-2025). By 2030, over 1 billion Indians may use digital health services. This positions India as a major market for global health IT players.
    2. Addressing Doctor-Population Ratio: With a ratio of 1:1456, telemedicine offers remote consultations and improves healthcare accessibility, especially in underserved areas.
    3. Growth in Telemedicine and Surgical Robotics: Telemedicine is projected to reach $5.4 billion by 2025, while the surgical robotics market is expected to grow by 20% CAGR, achieving $350 million by 2025.
    4. Pandemic-Driven Push: COVID-19 has highlighted the need for robust virtual healthcare solutions, encouraging adoption and innovation in digital health.

    Challenges in Implementing E-Health

    1. Cost-Effectiveness: High initial investment is required for digital infrastructure, potentially increasing healthcare costs before economies of scale are achieved.
    2. Resistance to Adoption: Both patients and healthcare providers often resist adopting new digital tools due to unfamiliarity and lack of trust in virtual systems.
    3. Human Resource Gaps: Implementation requires trained professionals, which is a challenge in rural areas with limited healthcare workforce.
    4. Ethical Concerns: Issues like patient data privacy, online consent, and the security of telemedicine platforms remain unresolved.
    5. Digital Divide: Unequal access to digital infrastructure exacerbates disparities between urban-rural populations and socioeconomic groups.

    Measures to Bridge Challenges

    • Policy Frameworks: Initiatives like the National Digital Health Mission and Ayushman Bharat Health Account support digital health infrastructure.
    • Innovative Solutions: Partnerships between the National Health Authority and health IT players can accelerate solution development.
    • Awareness Programs: Encouraging trust and familiarity with e-health platforms is crucial for adoption.
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Ayon Iyengar
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Ayon IyengarLearner
Asked: January 9, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction : Briefly introduce Skill India as a flagship initiative aimed at improving skill development in India. Mention that despite these efforts, significant gaps remain in the skill development of the youth. Reasons for Skill Gaps : Inadequate Access to Training: ...

upsc: human resources & human capital
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Despite the launch of various initiatives such as Skill India and its associated programs, skills gaps among India's youth persist. Here’s an analysis: Key Initiatives Skill India Mission: Aimed at training over 40 crore individuals across different skills. Programs like Pradhan MantriRead more

    Model Answer

    Despite the launch of various initiatives such as Skill India and its associated programs, skills gaps among India’s youth persist. Here’s an analysis:

    Key Initiatives

    1. Skill India Mission: Aimed at training over 40 crore individuals across different skills.
      • Programs like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, STRIVE, and SANKALP focus on industrial training, upskilling, and district-level skilling ecosystems.
    2. Digital Initiatives: The DESH Stack e-portal and the Digital India Mission provide online skilling opportunities, while IT for Jobs targets the IT sector.

    Persistent Gaps

    1. Low Employability: Only 48.7% of educated youth are employable (India Skills Report 2022).
    2. Lack of Vocational Training: 86.1% of individuals aged 15-59 have not received any vocational training (PLFS 2019-20).
    3. Digital Skills Deficiency: 73% of youth lack basic email skills (NSSO survey).
    4. Sector-Specific Skill Gaps: Only 2.5% of engineers possess AI skills, indicating gaps in future-focused training.

    Conclusion

    Despite these extensive programs, challenges such as inadequate access to vocational training, digital literacy gaps, and insufficient sector-specific skills persist. This limits the effectiveness of the initiatives in achieving their goals of equipping youth with employable skills.

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Guru
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GuruEnthusiast
Asked: November 14, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
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generalplanetsquestionspace
  1. Akriti Pandey
    Akriti Pandey Enthusiast

    The origin of the Earth has been a topic of much debate and speculation among scientists for centuries. Two widely accepted theories that attempt to explain the origin of our planet are the Nebular Hypothesis and the Giant Impact Hypothesis.The solar system is a vast and fascinating place, with eachRead more

    The origin of the Earth has been a topic of much debate and speculation among scientists for centuries. Two widely accepted theories that attempt to explain the origin of our planet are the Nebular Hypothesis and the Giant Impact Hypothesis.The solar system is a vast and fascinating place, with each planet having its own unique characteristics. Earth, our home planet, is a special place that supports a wide range of life forms and ecosystems.

    Nebular Hypothesis

     

    Proposed By: Immanuel Kant (1755) and further developed by Pierre-Simon Laplace (1796).

    Main Idea:

    The Solar System formed from a large, rotating cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula.

    The nebula collapsed under gravity, causing it to spin faster and flatten into a disk.

    The Sun formed at the center, and planetesimals coalesced from material in the disk to form planets.

    Key Features:

    Explains the orderly rotation and revolution of planets.

    Accounts for the compositional differences between inner (terrestrial) and outer (gas giants) planets.

    Criticism:

    Fails to explain the observed angular momentum distribution in the Solar System.

    Planetesimal Hypothesis

     

    Proposed By: Thomas C. Chamberlin and Forest R. Moulton (1904).

    Main Idea:

    Planets formed from small, solid particles called planetesimals.

    A nearby star’s gravitational pull caused material from the Sun to condense into planetesimals.

    These planetesimals collided and coalesced to form planets.

    Key Features:

    Emphasizes the role of gravitational attraction and collision in planetary formation.

    Supported by evidence of asteroid and meteorite composition.

    Criticism:

    Relies on a nearby stellar encounter, which is statistically improbable.

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Guru
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GuruEnthusiast
Asked: November 14, 2024In: , , , ,
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NEP ( New Education Policy )

educationelaboratepolicyquestion
  1. Akriti Pandey
    Akriti Pandey Enthusiast

    National Education Policy, 2020 (NEP) envisions a massive transformation in education through– “an education system rooted in Indian ethos that contributes directly to transforming India, that is Bharat, sustainably into an equitable and vibrant knowledge society, by providing high quality educationRead more

    National Education Policy, 2020 (NEP) envisions a massive transformation in education through– “an education system rooted in Indian ethos that contributes directly to transforming India, that is Bharat, sustainably into an equitable and vibrant knowledge society, by providing high quality education to all, thereby making India a global knowledge superpower.” The NEP 2020 is founded on the five guiding pillars of Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability and Accountability. It will prepare our youth to meet the diverse national and global challenges of the present and the future.

    In school education, the National Education Policy 2020 stresses on the core values and principle that education must develop not only the cognitive skills, that is, – both ‘foundational skills’ of literacy and numeracy and ‘higher-order’ skills such as critical thinking and problem solving – but also, social and emotional skills – also referred to as ‘soft skills’ -including cultural awareness and empathy, perseverance and grit, teamwork, leadership, communication, among others. The Policy aims and aspires to universalize the pre-primary education and provides special emphasis on the attainment of foundational literacy/numeracy in primary school and beyond for all by 2025. It recommends plethora of reforms at all levels of school education which seek to ensure quality of schools, transformation of the curriculum including pedagogy with 5+3+3+4 design covering children in the age group 3-18 years, reform in the current exams and assessment system, strengthening of teacher training, and restructuring the education regulatory framework. It seeks to increase public investment in education, strengthen the use of technology and increase focus on vocational and adult education, among others. It recommends that the curriculum load in each subject should be reduced to its ‘core essential’ content by making space for holistic, discussion and analysis-based learning.

    It also proposes the revision and revamping of all aspects of the education structure, including the school regulation and governance, to create a new system which is aligned with the aspirational goals of 21st century education along with India’s tradition, culture and value system. Technology will be integrated with education through several existing as well as proposed initiatives, including energized text books, high quality e-content for capacity building of teachers and learners, question banks based on learning outcomes, etc. The policy also notes that establishing primary schools in every habitation across the country has helped in increasing access to education. However, it has led to the development of very small schools (having low number of students) which makes it operationally complex to deploy teachers and critical physical resources. Therefore, the Policy recommends that multiple public schools can be brought together to form a school complex or any innovative grouping mechanism for efficient governance. The policy has emphasized upon Quality Education across all stages of School Education. Quality education is not only a life-changing, but also a mind-crafting and character-building experience, that positively impacts on citizenship. Empowered learners not only contribute to many growing developmental imperatives of the country but also participate in creating a just and equitable society.

    In Higher Education, NEP, 2020 provides valuable insights and recommendations on various aspects of education that include moving towards multidisciplinary and holistic education, institutional autonomy, promotion of quality research through establishment of National Research Foundation, continuous professional development of teachers, integration of technology, internationalization of higher education, restructuring of governance and regulatory architecture, multidisciplinary curricula, engaging blended, pedagogy, valid reliable and blended assessment and availability of content in Indian languages. The policy is expected to bring long-lasting positive impact on the education system and making India a global hub of skilled manpower during the ‘Amrit Kaal’, the next 25 years leading up to Developed India in 2047. Its implementation needs collective efforts of Centre, States, UTs, HEIs, Regulating Agencies / Regulatory Bodies and all other relevant stakeholders.

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On: March 8, 2025

Daily Answer Writing Practice Questions (8 March 2025)

Examine the key issues that obstruct the development of port infrastructure in India and outline the recent measures taken by the government to address these challenges. (Answer in 200 words) भारत में बंदरगाह अवसंरचना के विकास में आने वाली विभिन्न ...

On: March 7, 2025 Comments: 0

मानव-वन्यजीव संघर्ष का प्रबंधन

प्रधानमंत्री की घोषणा: मानव-वन्यजीव संघर्ष प्रबंधन के लिए एक समर्पित केंद्र की स्थापना। चुनौतियाँ: जनसंख्या वृद्धि और संसाधनों की प्रतिस्पर्धा। वन्यजीव संरक्षण का महत्व पारिस्थितिक संतुलन और जलवायु अनुकूलन: वन्यजीव पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को बनाए रखने और जलवायु पैटर्न को विनियमित ...

On: March 7, 2025 Comments: 0

Safeguarding Wildlife, Securing Harmony”

Context: Based on the editorial “Living with animals – the challenges and the solution” published in The Indian Express. Announcement: PM announced a center for managing human-wildlife conflict. (Press Information Bureau (PIB) release or official government announcement.) Importance of Wildlife ...

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