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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the importance of public healthcare as a fundamental right and the role of the state in ensuring access to it. Briefly mention the adverse impacts of the marketisation of healthcare. 2. Adverse Impact of Marketisation High Costs: Explain ...
Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context Setting: Start by acknowledging India’s status as a major food producer globally. Problem Statement: Despite being a top producer of food, India continues to rank poorly in terms of malnutrition indicators, highlighting the paradox. Fact to Mention: ...
Model Answer Introduction India, despite being the world’s largest producer of milk and pulses and the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, vegetables, and fruits, ranks 111th in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2023. This discrepancy highlights the persistent malnutrition crisis in the country, whiRead more
India, despite being the world’s largest producer of milk and pulses and the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, vegetables, and fruits, ranks 111th in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2023. This discrepancy highlights the persistent malnutrition crisis in the country, which continues to affect millions, especially among vulnerable populations.
1. Poverty and Accessibility Issues
High poverty levels severely limit the affordability and accessibility of nutritious food. Poor maternal nutrition, lack of adequate healthcare, and insufficient access to sanitation further contribute to malnutrition. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 18.7% of women of reproductive age suffer from malnutrition, and 57% of them are anemic. This malnutrition is passed on to children, perpetuating the cycle.
2. Lack of Dietary Diversification
The Green Revolution, while successful in increasing the production of staple crops like rice and wheat, failed to address the need for a diversified diet. The focus remained on high-yielding varieties of staples, neglecting the importance of essential micronutrients. Open-ended procurement of rice and wheat at Minimum Support Price (MSP) disincentivizes farmers from growing diverse, nutritious crops, further exacerbating the issue.
3. Overconsumption of Unhealthy Foods
A significant portion of the population in India consumes unhealthy, processed foods that are high in calories but lack essential nutrients. Approximately 38% of India’s population consumes salty or fried snacks, which contribute to poor health and malnutrition.
4. Inefficiencies in Nutrition Program Implementation
India’s extensive nutrition programs often suffer from inefficiencies such as administrative corruption, poor targeting of beneficiaries, and lack of coordination between government departments. For instance, the Public Distribution System (PDS) faces leakages, leading to food insecurity among many intended beneficiaries.
To tackle malnutrition effectively and achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-2, India needs to prioritize diet diversification, improve maternal nutrition, and enhance the monitoring and implementation of nutrition programs. This will ensure that every individual has access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food.
See lessIndia’s Opportunity in the Chip Design Industry: Challenges and Solutions The global semiconductor shortage has highlighted India’s potential to emerge as a significant player in the chip design industry. However, several obstacles must be addressed to capitalize on this opportunity effectively. Challenges:
A Brief Explanation: Climate change; Mitigation; Adaptation; Biodiversity; Human health Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth, serving as hotspots of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. These unique systems also support a rich diversity of taxa, aquatic and terrestrial, and pRead more
A Brief Explanation: Climate change; Mitigation; Adaptation; Biodiversity; Human health
Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth, serving as hotspots of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. These unique systems also support a rich diversity of taxa, aquatic and terrestrial, and play a critical role in climate adaptation and mitigation, and in human health and well-being. This is how wetlands in India have been defined through various legislative and community-based efforts for their protection and conservation.
Climate Mitigation and Adaptation
Wetlands are nature’s water filters and can help sequester significant amounts of carbon dioxide, making them a potential tool in the fight against climate change. They are natural filters, able to absorb and retain water during a rainy season and release it slowly in a dry season, allowing the water cycle to be paced and reducing the incidence of floods and droughts. Such a buffer against extreme weather events is particularly important for a country like India which is highly susceptible to the impact of climate change, given that floods and water scarcity have both become increasingly regular features of contemporary life in India.
Wetlands also serve as carbon sinks, trapping carbon in their soils and plants. When healthy, they carve and stash away more carbon than many other systems, pulling down the concentration of greenhouse gases in the air. But when wetlands degrade, they become sources of carbon emissions that amplify the climate crisis. So making sure they continue to be healthy is essential for climate mitigation and adaptation.
Biodiversity Conservation
Thousands of plants and animals live in wetland habitats, from which many species are exclusive. They are crucial habitats for millions of migratory birds, amphibians, fish and mammals. Wetlands provide important ecosystems and are rich in biodiversity where the diversity allows for better resilience and recovery from disturbances.
Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan and Chilka Lake in Odisha are popular for their diversity as wetlands in India. These regions provide local flora and fauna habitat, but also serve as points for migratory birds, making them necessary for global avian biodiversity. You know, protecting these wetlands is really critical to ecological balance and protecting many endangered species.
Human Health and Well-Being
Healthy wetlands had direct impact on the human health and well-being. Water quality also improves through natural filtration. This natural filtration is a critical benefit in areas of the world with limited access to clean water, as it can significantly decrease the risk of waterborne illness.
Wetlands are also a source of fish and plants, essential for food security and livelihoods. Wetlands comprise an important fishery resource for many communities, particularly rural communities, with fish acting as both a vital component of the diet and a key eco-economic resource. Wetlands also serve as possible habitat for medicinal plants or other resources for traditional medicine, fostering the health and welfare of adjacent communities.
Mechanisms in Place in India
Realising the importance of wetlands, India has instituted various mechanisms for the protection and conservation of wetlands. Let us discuss about one such initiative taken in the form of National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) for sustainable management practices in India. The NWCP is working to identify where wetlands can be maintained and restored to deliver essential ecological services.
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules were enacted in 2017 in India to create a legal framework for the protection and conservation of wetlands. The rules say all wetlands must be identified and sustainably regulated, and no pollution, encroachment and degradation should be permitted. The guidelines also require setting up of State Wetland Authorities for enforcing conservation measures.
India has operationalized the National Wetland Atlas and the National Wetland Inventory to learn more about its wetlands and better manage them. The projects will survey and satellite-detect wetlands nationwide, producing critical data for conservationists. The atlas and inventory identify priority areas requiring immediate action, and provide a basis for developing targeted conservation strategies.
India is also a signatory of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, an international treaty that seeks to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of wetland resources. It establishes a framework for international cooperation and acts as a catalyst for the designation of wetlands of international importance. Currently sites like Loktak Lake in Manipur and Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir are protected under these frameworks in India.
Many of these efforts at the state level are focused on restoring soulless wetlands and expanding community oversight in environmental management. For example, the Yamuna Biodiversity Park in Delhi, has enhanced public consciousness and participation in conservation, as well as enhanced health of the wetland itself.
To introduce community participation in awareness programs is one of the main goals of this real-time study.
Community involvement is very important for the conservation of wetland in India. The reason for this has been an increasing movement to engage local communities in conservation, given that in most cases these communities are the most affected by wetlands degradation. People awareness programs are being implemented to inform people about the importance of wetlands and sustainable management practices Evaluation and Implementation of wetlands ConservationPlan
You cannot learn enough in a profession that teaches and strengthens their community, where they become part of the local solution themselves, they take ownership and pride for what they learn. India’s method for wetland protection, for example, is framed by cooperation and inclusiveness — citizens are involved in the planning and execution of conservation measures, which ensures that actual policy and science implementation occurs on the ground.
Conclusion
But wetlands are essential for climate mitigation, climate adaptation, biodiversity conservation and human health. Across India, laws, engages with communities, and collaborations are being harnessed to secure and revive these critical ecosystems. The reward and punishment approach, like the National Wetland Conservation Programme, Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 and Ramsar Convention, etc, in long term health and sustainability of wetlands had have very few attempts on mechanistic implementations.
But their success will take sustained effort and cooperation among all stakeholders from governments to national and international organizations. By working in tandem, India can safeguard its wetlands and ensure that they continue to play a fundamental role in both the ecology and humanity.
See lessRoadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (40-50 words) Briefly introduce the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) and its objective. Mention the importance of community involvement in achieving the mission’s goals. Example: The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), launched in 2019, aims to provide Functional Household Tap ...
Model Answer Importance of a Community-Driven Approach to the Success of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) The success of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) largely hinges on a community-driven approach, which is central to its design and implementation. This approach ensures that the mission's objectives—provRead more
The success of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) largely hinges on a community-driven approach, which is central to its design and implementation. This approach ensures that the mission’s objectives—providing functional household tap connections (FHTC) to every rural household by 2024—are achieved in a sustainable, effective, and equitable manner.
A key aspect of the community-driven approach is fostering ownership among local communities. When communities are involved in the planning, implementation, and operation of water supply systems, they feel a sense of responsibility for the infrastructure. This leads to better maintenance and longer-lasting water systems. The Jal Jeevan Mission ensures that the local population is not only a beneficiary but also a stakeholder, which increases the sustainability of the water supply in the long run. This is especially critical since water supply schemes need constant management and upkeep to remain functional over time.
Local communities possess valuable knowledge about their geography, water sources, and seasonal patterns, which are essential for designing appropriate and effective water supply solutions. By integrating this local knowledge, the mission tailors its approach to specific needs, making it more relevant and effective. This localized understanding helps avoid one-size-fits-all solutions and ensures water supply systems are well-suited to the area’s unique challenges.
Community involvement ensures that water supply projects are transparent and accountable. Local participation provides a system of checks and balances, enabling communities to monitor the progress of water supply schemes and hold authorities accountable for delays or inefficiencies. This builds trust between the government and rural populations and ensures that resources are used effectively.
Community participation also ensures that water supply schemes are designed with equity in mind, addressing the needs of all sections of society. This inclusive approach considers local cultural, social, and economic factors, ensuring that the most vulnerable groups, including women and marginalized communities, benefit equally from the mission.
The community-driven approach is indispensable for the success of the Jal Jeevan Mission. It not only enhances the sustainability of water supply systems but also ensures that they are more effective, inclusive, and accountable. By involving local stakeholders in every phase of the mission, from planning to maintenance, the JJM can meet its ambitious goals and improve the quality of life for rural households.
See lessRoadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (Brief Overview of Malnutrition in India) Opening Statement: Start by addressing the severity of malnutrition in India. Mention the key statistics from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5 (2019-21): 35.5% of children under 5 years are stunted ...
Model Answer The Integrated Nutrition Support Programme, which includes initiatives like Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0, plays a crucial role in combating malnutrition in India, particularly among children, adolescent girls, and pregnant and lactating women. Tackling Malnutrition Through StrategicRead more
The Integrated Nutrition Support Programme, which includes initiatives like Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0, plays a crucial role in combating malnutrition in India, particularly among children, adolescent girls, and pregnant and lactating women.
Malnutrition in India remains a critical issue, with the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5 (2019-21) revealing alarming statistics, such as 35.5% of children under five being stunted, 19.3% wasted, and 32.1% underweight. Additionally, 67.1% of children aged 6-59 months suffer from anemia. To address these challenges, the Integrated Nutrition Support Programme focuses on a strategic shift in nutrition content and delivery, targeting the root causes of malnutrition.
One of the key features of the programme is its emphasis on real-time monitoring to better track malnutrition cases. The Poshan Tracker application is being used to identify and monitor issues like stunting, wasting, and underweight conditions in children. Furthermore, the programme proposes the revival of defunct monitoring systems such as the Common Application Software (CAS), which had been ineffective since 2020. By improving data collection and tracking, the programme can identify gaps and facilitate more targeted interventions.
The programme actively involves local communities in tackling malnutrition. For instance, Poshan Panchayats, mothers’ groups, and Social Audits are used to ensure transparency and accountability in the utilization of funds. Additionally, it fosters community mobilization by engaging Panchayati Raj Institutions, village organizations, and volunteers, which helps in raising awareness and promoting better nutrition practices. The celebration of Rashtriya Poshan Maah (National Nutrition Month) every September also aims to spread awareness across the country.
The programme is centrally sponsored and works on a cost-sharing model between the central and state governments, which eases the fiscal burden on states. Despite challenges like inadequate funding and underutilization (as reported in the 2020 CAG report), this approach ensures that funds are available to scale up nutrition support efforts at the local level.
In conclusion, the Integrated Nutrition Support Programme plays a significant role in addressing the multifaceted issue of malnutrition in India by improving monitoring, enhancing community involvement, ensuring better resource allocation, and promoting health and nutrition awareness.
See lessRoadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define ASHA workers and their inception under the National Rural Health Mission (2005). Mention their expansion under the National Urban Health Mission (2013). 2. Role in Advancing Healthcare Healthcare Access: Reach underserved rural populations and marginalized communities. Improved Maternal and ...
Model Answer Role of ASHA Workers in India Significance of ASHA Workers Extending Healthcare Reach: ASHAs connect rural and underserved populations, ensuring healthcare services reach marginalized groups, including women from backward communities. Improving Health Outcomes: They played a pivotal rolRead more
Recognizing ASHA workers’ contributions is vital for empowering women, improving healthcare outcomes, and advancing India’s public health initiatives.
Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Start with a brief overview of the growing importance of e-health services globally and in India. Mention the government’s emphasis on digital health technologies, especially after the pandemic. 2. Body Structure Opportunities for E-Health Services in India Addressing Healthcare Access: ...
Model Answer Opportunities for E-Health Services in India Expanding Digital Health Market: India's digital health sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29.6% (2019-2025). By 2030, over 1 billion Indians may use digital health services. This positions India as a major market for global health IT plRead more
Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Purpose: Briefly introduce the WASH scheme and its significance. Thesis Statement: State that effective implementation requires synchronization of beneficiary identification with anticipated outcomes. 2. Understanding the WASH Scheme Definition: Explain what WASH stands for (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene). Goals: Outline ...
Model Answer Introduction The Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) scheme aims to enhance public health by providing access to clean water, adequate sanitation, and promoting hygiene practices. Effective implementation of WASH policies necessitates the synchronization of beneficiary identificationRead more
The Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) scheme aims to enhance public health by providing access to clean water, adequate sanitation, and promoting hygiene practices. Effective implementation of WASH policies necessitates the synchronization of beneficiary identification with anticipated outcomes to ensure that interventions are impactful and resources are utilized efficiently.
Identifying vulnerable populations is critical for WASH initiatives. These include individuals in remote rural areas, urban slums, and regions with high poverty rates. According to UNICEF, 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water, and 4.2 billion lack safely managed sanitation (UNICEF, 2021). Targeting these groups is vital since they face higher risks of waterborne diseases and hygiene-related health issues. Focusing on these segments enhances the potential for significant improvements in health and overall well-being.
The primary objectives of the WASH scheme include reducing waterborne diseases, increasing access to clean water and sanitation, and promoting hygiene practices. WHO estimates that proper WASH facilities could prevent 1.5 million deaths annually from diarrheal diseases (WHO, 2020). Achieving these outcomes requires tailored interventions, such as constructing water supply systems and providing hygiene education.
Aligning beneficiary identification with anticipated outcomes allows resources to be allocated effectively to areas of greatest need. This synchronization also facilitates better monitoring and evaluation, enabling necessary program adjustments. For instance, a program that assesses the needs of a community can adapt its strategies based on real-time data to maximize impact.
Successful WASH implementation involves collaboration among various stakeholders, including local governments, NGOs, and private sectors. This collaborative approach ensures that the specific needs of identified beneficiaries are addressed and that anticipated outcomes are realized.
Synchronizing beneficiary identification with anticipated outcomes in the WASH scheme is essential for effective implementation. This strategy promotes targeted interventions, efficient resource utilization, and the achievement of desired impacts, ultimately improving the well-being of vulnerable populations.
See lessAnswer the question in maximum 50 words/5 to 6 lines. This question carries 05 marks. [MPPSC 2023] Compose a brief essay about Panchakarma Chikitsa.
पंचकर्म चिकित्सा: एक संक्षिप्त विवरण पंचकर्म चिकित्सा (Panchakarma Chikitsa) आयुर्वेद का एक महत्वपूर्ण उपचारात्मक विधि है जो शरीर की शुद्धि और पुनरुद्धार के लिए प्रयोग की जाती है। यह पांच प्रमुख प्रक्रियाओं का समूह है जो शरीर को विषाक्त पदार्थों से मुक्त करने और स्वास्थ्य को सुधारने के लिए डिज़ाइन कRead more
पंचकर्म चिकित्सा: एक संक्षिप्त विवरण
पंचकर्म चिकित्सा (Panchakarma Chikitsa) आयुर्वेद का एक महत्वपूर्ण उपचारात्मक विधि है जो शरीर की शुद्धि और पुनरुद्धार के लिए प्रयोग की जाती है। यह पांच प्रमुख प्रक्रियाओं का समूह है जो शरीर को विषाक्त पदार्थों से मुक्त करने और स्वास्थ्य को सुधारने के लिए डिज़ाइन की गई हैं।
पंचकर्म चिकित्सा आयुर्वेदिक उपचार की एक महत्वपूर्ण विधि है जो शरीर को शुद्ध करने और स्वास्थ्य को पुनर्स्थापित करने के लिए डिज़ाइन की गई है। इसके पांच प्रमुख घटक – वमन, विरेचन, बस्ती, नस्य, और रक्तमोक्षण – शरीर की विषाक्तता को दूर करने और समग्र स्वास्थ्य में सुधार लाने में सहायक होते हैं। हाल के वर्षों में, इस चिकित्सा के लाभों को मान्यता मिली है और इसे विभिन्न आयुर्वेदिक केंद्रों और रिट्रीट्स में लागू किया जा रहा है।
See lessAnswer the question in maximum 50 words/5 to 6 lines. This question carries 05 marks. [MPPSC 2023] Write down the National Ayush Mission’s primary goals in brief.
The National Ayush Mission (NAM) aims to: *Main Objectives:* 1. Promote and develop Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) systems. 2. Improve access to quality AYUSH healthcare services. 3. Strengthen AYUSH education and research. 4. Encourage integration of AYUSH wiRead more
The National Ayush Mission (NAM) aims to:
*Main Objectives:*
1. Promote and develop Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) systems.
2. Improve access to quality AYUSH healthcare services.
3. Strengthen AYUSH education and research.
4. Encourage integration of AYUSH with conventional healthcare.
5. Increase awareness and adoption of AYUSH practices.
*Specific Goals:*
1. Establish AYUSH hospitals and clinics.
2. Upgrade AYUSH educational institutions.
3. Develop standards for AYUSH education and practice.
4. Foster research and development in AYUSH.
5. Enhance community awareness and participation.
*Key Components:*
1. AYUSH Services
2. AYUSH Education
3. AYUSH Research
4. AYUSH Industry
5. Information, Education, and Communication (IEC)
*Benefits:*
1. Holistic healthcare
2. Increased accessibility
3. Job creation
4. Economic growth
5. Preservation of traditional knowledge
Launched in 2014, NAM aims to revitalize and mainstream AYUSH systems, contributing to India’s healthcare landscape.
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Model Answer Introduction Recognizing healthcare as an essential fundamental right for every citizen is crucial for the welfare of society. The Indian Constitution, through Directive Principles (Article 47), underscores the State’s responsibility in ensuring the health of its population. Recently, tRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Recognizing healthcare as an essential fundamental right for every citizen is crucial for the welfare of society. The Indian Constitution, through Directive Principles (Article 47), underscores the State’s responsibility in ensuring the health of its population. Recently, the Supreme Court reaffirmed this, emphasizing universal healthcare access in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the need for stronger public health systems.
Adverse Impact of Marketisation of the Public Healthcare System
Role Played by State in Enhancing Public Healthcare
Measures to Contain the Adverse Impact of Marketisation
Conclusion
Going ahead, the State must ensure that its interventions in the healthcare sector align with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3—ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. This includes universal health coverage, reducing inequalities (SDG 10), and building resilient healthcare infrastructure (SDG 9).
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