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Social Justice

Social justice refers to the fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and responsibilities in a society. It involves ensuring equal rights, dignity, and access to public goods for all citizens, regardless of their social, economic, or cultural background.

Key aspects include affirmative action, anti-discrimination laws, social welfare programs, and empowerment of marginalized communities. Social justice is a core value of a just and inclusive democracy.

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Home/Social Justice/Page 4

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Kumudini Lakhia
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Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction: Define the Context Start with a brief introduction on the role of philanthropy in higher education globally, especially in the context of elite institutions like Harvard, Yale, and Oxford, which are well-known for their robust philanthropic ...

upsc: education
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Philanthropy holds potential as a supplementary funding source for India's higher education system, but it faces significant challenges that limit its ability to be a completely sustainable model. Positive Contributions of Philanthropy Philanthropy can address several critical needs inRead more

    Model Answer

    Philanthropy holds potential as a supplementary funding source for India’s higher education system, but it faces significant challenges that limit its ability to be a completely sustainable model.

    Positive Contributions of Philanthropy

    Philanthropy can address several critical needs in India’s higher education system, particularly in infrastructure development, research, and skill-building. For instance, IIT Bombay received a generous donation of ₹315 crores from alumni Nandan Nilekani, which was used to create world-class infrastructure and promote cutting-edge research in engineering and technology. Similarly, Frank Islam’s $2 million donation to Aligarh Muslim University led to the establishment of the Frank and Debbie Islam School of Management, focusing on entrepreneurship and employable skills.

    Additionally, philanthropic foundations like the Tata Trust and Shiv Nadar Foundation have been instrumental in providing scholarships and setting up schools across India, improving access to education for marginalized communities. Several prominent private institutions like Azim Premji University and OP Jindal Global University also showcase the impact of philanthropic efforts in enhancing the quality of higher education in the country.

    Challenges to Sustainable Philanthropic Funding

    Despite its potential, philanthropy alone cannot ensure long-term sustainability in India’s higher education system. One major hurdle is the lack of institutional autonomy in many universities. Donors often demand a say in how funds are used, but governance structures in Indian institutions are often insufficient to accommodate such requests. Additionally, the University Grants Commission’s (UGC) practice of deducting philanthropic contributions from universities’ grants discourages universities from actively seeking private donations.

    Taxation issues also pose a barrier. Unlike global institutions such as Harvard or MIT, Indian educational trusts face limitations in how they can invest or utilize funds without risking tax-exempt status.

    Conclusion

    While philanthropy can certainly enhance India’s higher education system, relying solely on it for funding would be unsustainable. The government must continue to increase its budget allocation to education, as outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, while universities should be supported in developing more effective fundraising strategies. A collaborative approach between government, universities, and philanthropists is essential for the long-term health of the system.

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Kumudini Lakhia
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Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (40-50 words) Briefly introduce the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) and its objective. Mention the importance of community involvement in achieving the mission’s goals. Example: The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), launched in 2019, aims to provide Functional Household Tap ...

UPSC: Health Sanitation & Nutrition
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Importance of a Community-Driven Approach to the Success of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) The success of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) largely hinges on a community-driven approach, which is central to its design and implementation. This approach ensures that the mission's objectives—provRead more

    Model Answer

    Importance of a Community-Driven Approach to the Success of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)

    The success of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) largely hinges on a community-driven approach, which is central to its design and implementation. This approach ensures that the mission’s objectives—providing functional household tap connections (FHTC) to every rural household by 2024—are achieved in a sustainable, effective, and equitable manner.

    1. Ownership and Sustainability

    A key aspect of the community-driven approach is fostering ownership among local communities. When communities are involved in the planning, implementation, and operation of water supply systems, they feel a sense of responsibility for the infrastructure. This leads to better maintenance and longer-lasting water systems. The Jal Jeevan Mission ensures that the local population is not only a beneficiary but also a stakeholder, which increases the sustainability of the water supply in the long run. This is especially critical since water supply schemes need constant management and upkeep to remain functional over time.

    2. Leveraging Local Knowledge

    Local communities possess valuable knowledge about their geography, water sources, and seasonal patterns, which are essential for designing appropriate and effective water supply solutions. By integrating this local knowledge, the mission tailors its approach to specific needs, making it more relevant and effective. This localized understanding helps avoid one-size-fits-all solutions and ensures water supply systems are well-suited to the area’s unique challenges.

    3. Transparency and Accountability

    Community involvement ensures that water supply projects are transparent and accountable. Local participation provides a system of checks and balances, enabling communities to monitor the progress of water supply schemes and hold authorities accountable for delays or inefficiencies. This builds trust between the government and rural populations and ensures that resources are used effectively.

    4. Promoting Equity

    Community participation also ensures that water supply schemes are designed with equity in mind, addressing the needs of all sections of society. This inclusive approach considers local cultural, social, and economic factors, ensuring that the most vulnerable groups, including women and marginalized communities, benefit equally from the mission.

    Conclusion

    The community-driven approach is indispensable for the success of the Jal Jeevan Mission. It not only enhances the sustainability of water supply systems but also ensures that they are more effective, inclusive, and accountable. By involving local stakeholders in every phase of the mission, from planning to maintenance, the JJM can meet its ambitious goals and improve the quality of life for rural households.

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Dinesh Raghavan
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Dinesh RaghavanBegginer
Asked: January 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (Brief Overview of Malnutrition in India) Opening Statement: Start by addressing the severity of malnutrition in India. Mention the key statistics from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5 (2019-21): 35.5% of children under 5 years are stunted ...

UPSC: Health Sanitation & Nutrition
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The Integrated Nutrition Support Programme, which includes initiatives like Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0, plays a crucial role in combating malnutrition in India, particularly among children, adolescent girls, and pregnant and lactating women. Tackling Malnutrition Through StrategicRead more

    Model Answer

    The Integrated Nutrition Support Programme, which includes initiatives like Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0, plays a crucial role in combating malnutrition in India, particularly among children, adolescent girls, and pregnant and lactating women.

    Tackling Malnutrition Through Strategic Interventions

    Malnutrition in India remains a critical issue, with the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5 (2019-21) revealing alarming statistics, such as 35.5% of children under five being stunted, 19.3% wasted, and 32.1% underweight. Additionally, 67.1% of children aged 6-59 months suffer from anemia. To address these challenges, the Integrated Nutrition Support Programme focuses on a strategic shift in nutrition content and delivery, targeting the root causes of malnutrition.

    Improving Monitoring and Data Systems

    One of the key features of the programme is its emphasis on real-time monitoring to better track malnutrition cases. The Poshan Tracker application is being used to identify and monitor issues like stunting, wasting, and underweight conditions in children. Furthermore, the programme proposes the revival of defunct monitoring systems such as the Common Application Software (CAS), which had been ineffective since 2020. By improving data collection and tracking, the programme can identify gaps and facilitate more targeted interventions.

    Enhancing Community Involvement and Transparency

    The programme actively involves local communities in tackling malnutrition. For instance, Poshan Panchayats, mothers’ groups, and Social Audits are used to ensure transparency and accountability in the utilization of funds. Additionally, it fosters community mobilization by engaging Panchayati Raj Institutions, village organizations, and volunteers, which helps in raising awareness and promoting better nutrition practices. The celebration of Rashtriya Poshan Maah (National Nutrition Month) every September also aims to spread awareness across the country.

    Ensuring Adequate Funding and Resources

    The programme is centrally sponsored and works on a cost-sharing model between the central and state governments, which eases the fiscal burden on states. Despite challenges like inadequate funding and underutilization (as reported in the 2020 CAG report), this approach ensures that funds are available to scale up nutrition support efforts at the local level.

    In conclusion, the Integrated Nutrition Support Programme plays a significant role in addressing the multifaceted issue of malnutrition in India by improving monitoring, enhancing community involvement, ensuring better resource allocation, and promoting health and nutrition awareness.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define ASHA workers and their inception under the National Rural Health Mission (2005). Mention their expansion under the National Urban Health Mission (2013). 2. Role in Advancing Healthcare Healthcare Access: Reach underserved rural populations and marginalized communities. Improved Maternal and ...

UPSC: Health Sanitation & Nutrition
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Role of ASHA Workers in India Significance of ASHA Workers Extending Healthcare Reach: ASHAs connect rural and underserved populations, ensuring healthcare services reach marginalized groups, including women from backward communities. Improving Health Outcomes: They played a pivotal rolRead more

    Model Answer

    Role of ASHA Workers in India

    Significance of ASHA Workers

    1. Extending Healthcare Reach: ASHAs connect rural and underserved populations, ensuring healthcare services reach marginalized groups, including women from backward communities.
    2. Improving Health Outcomes: They played a pivotal role in eradicating polio, enhancing immunization coverage, reducing maternal mortality, and improving neonatal care.
    3. Maternal and Child Health: They promote institutional deliveries and antenatal care, especially in remote regions.
    4. Primary Healthcare Access: ASHAs assist in managing diseases like TB, diabetes, and ensuring child immunization.

    Challenges Faced by ASHA Workers

    1. High Workload: Assigned numerous tasks, often leading to work beyond voluntary status.
    2. Inadequate Compensation: ASHAs lack fixed salaries, relying solely on incentives.
    3. Socio-Cultural Barriers: Limited authority in village councils hampers community-driven initiatives.
    4. Logistical Hurdles: Poor rural infrastructure makes task execution difficult.
    5. Demotivating Factors: Issues include lack of training, staff non-cooperation, and family disapproval.

    Remedial Measures

    1. Enhanced Remuneration: Fixed monthly payments with performance-based incentives.
    2. Skill Development: Training for career progression into roles like ANMs or community health officers.
    3. Policy Recognition: Recognize ASHAs as permanent employees to stabilize their roles.
    4. Social Security: Extend health insurance and welfare scheme access to ASHA workers.
    5. Community Awareness: Sensitize communities about ASHA roles to foster better cooperation.

    Recognizing ASHA workers’ contributions is vital for empowering women, improving healthcare outcomes, and advancing India’s public health initiatives.

    Fact Sources

    • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
    • National Health Mission Reports
    • Census Data on ASHAs
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Ayon Iyengar
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Ayon IyengarLearner
Asked: January 9, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing To effectively answer the question “What socio-economic benefits does women entrepreneurship bring to India, and what are the key challenges that hinder its growth in the country? Discuss.”, follow these steps: Introduction (50-60 words) Briefly introduce the concept of ...

upsc: women
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Socio-Economic Benefits of Women Entrepreneurship in India Women entrepreneurship contributes significantly to India’s socio-economic development. The economic benefits include: Higher Economic Growth: Women's participation in employment and entrepreneurship can increase India’s GDP byRead more

    Model Answer

    Socio-Economic Benefits of Women Entrepreneurship in India

    Women entrepreneurship contributes significantly to India’s socio-economic development. The economic benefits include:

    1. Higher Economic Growth: Women’s participation in employment and entrepreneurship can increase India’s GDP by $0.7 trillion by 2.
    2. 2025Job Creation: Female entrepreneurs have the potential to create 150-170 million jobs in India by 2030 .
    3. Per Capita Income: Higher Female Labour Force Participation boosts family income, contributing to an improved per capita income for the nation .
    4. Women-Cenions: As women entrepreneurs focus on products that cater to female needs, they can help fill the gap in industries where male-led ventures dominate, leading to more inclusive solutions .

    On the social front, the include

    1. Balanced Regional Development: Women entrepreneurs often set up businesses in backward areas, contributing to regional economic development by utilizing government subsidies and resources .
    2. Female Empowerment: Entrep helps women gain financial independence and break societal gender barriers .
    3. Reduced Gender Gap: Women entreprearrows the gender compensation gap, dismantles the glass ceiling, and fosters a more inclusive corporate culture .
    4. Improved Human Capital: Women tend to invesducation and health of their families, improving the overall human capital of the nation .

    *Key Challenges Hindering Growth of Women Entrepreneurship

    Despite the growing momentum, several barriers hinder women entrepreneurs:

    1. Lack of Financial Support: Over 90% of women entrepreneurs rely on informal channels for finance as they struggle to access formal, collateral-free loans .
    2. Social and Cultural Barriers: Gendered expectations limit womity and force them to juggle business with caregiving roles, restricting their entrepreneurial potential .
    3. Limited Networking Opportunities: Women often lack access to essential mentors, and investors, which are crucial for business growth .
    4. Technological Barriers: Many women face technological constraints that limit th to digital platforms, customers, and resources .
    5. Gender Bias: Market discrimination against women hinders their ability to secure contracg, or customers, further exacerbated by a patriarchal workforce .

    Despite these challenges, the rise of supportive government schemes and an evolving start-up ecosystem ihat India is moving towards achieving the target of 25% women entrepreneurs by 2025 .

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Ayon Iyengar
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Ayon IyengarLearner
Asked: January 9, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Briefly introduce the Nirbhaya Fund, its establishment in 2013, and its purpose: to enhance the safety and security of women in India. Mention that despite a decade of existence, there are still key challenges impeding its effective implementation. Key ...

upsc: women
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Key Implementation Challenges of the Nirbhaya Fund Despite the establishment of the Nirbhaya Fund in 2013, designed to enhance women's safety, several challenges persist: Underutilization of Funds: As of 2021-22, only around Rs. 2,900 crores of the Rs. 4,000 crores allocated have been uRead more

    Model Answer

    Key Implementation Challenges of the Nirbhaya Fund

    Despite the establishment of the Nirbhaya Fund in 2013, designed to enhance women’s safety, several challenges persist:

    1. Underutilization of Funds:
      • As of 2021-22, only around Rs. 2,900 crores of the Rs. 4,000 crores allocated have been utilized. This gap points to significant implementation issues. (Source: Government data)
    2. Lack of Political Will:
      • Political commitment to women’s safety initiatives is often weak, contributing to the underutilization of funds. (Source: Oxfam India)
    3. Budgetary Constraints:
      • States and Union Territories struggle with matching required contributions, and the fund’s fluctuating budget hampers long-term planning. This lack of consistency causes reluctance in program commitments. (Source: Oxfam India)
    4. Procedural Hurdles:
      • The fund release process is slow, requiring complex paperwork such as Utilization Certificates (UCs) and Statements of Expenditure (SoE), delaying project implementation.
    5. Focus on Routine Infrastructure:
      • Most funds are directed toward projects like CCTV installations, while other crucial areas such as crime mapping, law enforcement access, and preventive strategies are neglected. (Source: Oxfam India)

    Proposed Solutions

    1. Broaden Guidelines:
      • Expand the scope of the Nirbhaya Fund to include projects focused on education, health, sanitation, and behavior change.
    2. Improve Inter-Ministerial Cooperation:
      • Streamline approval processes to accelerate project execution.
    3. Robust Monitoring Mechanisms:
      • Ministries should develop strong oversight mechanisms to ensure effective project execution and resource allocation.

    Addressing these challenges through comprehensive reforms will significantly improve the effectiveness of the Nirbhaya Fund.

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Ayon Iyengar
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Ayon IyengarLearner
Asked: January 9, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Define Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN): Literacy (ability to read and understand basic texts) and Numeracy (perform simple mathematical calculations) by the end of grade 3. Mention India’s FLN challenge: Poor performance in early grade literacy and numeracy, ...

upsc: education
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Challenges in Achieving Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) in India Inadequate Budget India spends only about 3% of its GDP on education, well below the 6% required to ensure quality education and achieve FLN goals (Source: ASER 2022). Lack of Coordination There is a disconnect beRead more

    Model Answer

    Challenges in Achieving Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) in India

    1. Inadequate Budget
      India spends only about 3% of its GDP on education, well below the 6% required to ensure quality education and achieve FLN goals (Source: ASER 2022).
    2. Lack of Coordination
      There is a disconnect between the Ministry of Women and Child Development and the Ministry of Education, hindering effective delivery of pre-school and formal schooling programs.
    3. Instructional Challenges
      Language barriers and a lack of skilled teachers impede early-grade learning, as many students are taught in a non-native language.
    4. Malnutrition
      High rates of stunting (35.5%), wasting (19.3%), and underweight (32.1%) children (NFHS-5) negatively affect cognitive development and learning abilities.
    5. Inadequate Infrastructure
      Many schools lack basic facilities such as clean water, sanitation, and electricity, which are critical for a conducive learning environment.
    6. Teacher Shortage
      19% of teaching positions are vacant, with rural areas facing even higher shortages, leading to overcrowded classrooms and lack of attention to early-grade education (State of Education Report, 2021).

    Measures to Achieve Universal FLN

    1. Defined Learning Outcomes
      Clear year-wise learning outcomes should be established for pre-schools and up to Grade 3 to ensure structured learning progress.
    2. Holistic Assessment
      Assessments should focus on a range of skills beyond traditional exams, including art, group work, and role play to cater to diverse learning styles.
    3. Teacher Training
      Teachers must be trained to address the emotional, social, and psychological needs of young children, with a focus on experiential learning.
    4. Contextualized Curriculum
      The curriculum should be designed to meet the socio-economic and cultural needs of children, making learning relevant and accessible.
    5. Stakeholder Collaboration
      Schools, teachers, parents, and local communities must collaborate to improve educational outcomes. Regular medical check-ups and nutritious meals are also essential.
    6. National Initiatives
      Programs like NIPUN Bharat and NISHTHA, along with initiatives such as DIKSHA, focus on improving FLN standards and support teacher training and monitoring.

    These combined efforts will help address the existing challenges and move towards universal FLN in India.

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