Bio-technology
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Discuss the fields in which the application of biotechnology are being done. (125 Words) [UPPSC 2018]
Biotechnology, or Biotech, is a diverse field that harnesses biological processes and organisms to create innovative solutions across various sectors. Originating from early agricultural practices like bread and alcohol production, it has since evolved into a critical technology with wide-ranging apRead more
Biotechnology, or Biotech, is a diverse field that harnesses biological processes and organisms to create innovative solutions across various sectors. Originating from early agricultural practices like bread and alcohol production, it has since evolved into a critical technology with wide-ranging applications.
In medicine, also known as biopharma or red biotechnology, biotechnology drives advancements in drug production, stem cell therapy, gene editing, and the development of vaccines and lab-grown organs.
The industrial sector benefits from biotech through the creation of biofuels, biodegradable materials, and environmentally friendly chemical processes. It is also known as industrial biotechnology or white biotechnology.
In agriculture, biotechnology (also known as green biotechnology) enhances food security by developing pest-resistant crops, drought-tolerant plants, and nutrient-rich foods. Examples are pesticides and herbicides produced biologically, and gluten-free grains.
The environmental sector utilizes biotech for waste management, pollution control, and the restoration of ecosystems through methods like bioremediation. Another example includes phytoremediation, which is a purification of soil and other pollutants induced in heavy metals.
Overall, biotechnology plays a vital role in improving human health, industrial efficiency, agricultural productivity, and environmental sustainability. By leveraging living organisms and biological techniques, it offers solutions that address some of the most pressing challenges in modern society.
See lessExplain the concept of bioremediation and its applications.
Bioremediation is a process that uses living organisms to clean up pollutants from the environment. This technique harnesses the natural ability of microbes, plants, or fungi to break down or neutralize harmful substances, making them less toxic or completely harmless. Concept: In bioremediation, spRead more
Bioremediation is a process that uses living organisms to clean up pollutants from the environment. This technique harnesses the natural ability of microbes, plants, or fungi to break down or neutralize harmful substances, making them less toxic or completely harmless.
Concept:
In bioremediation, specific organisms are employed to target and degrade pollutants. For instance, certain bacteria can digest oil and other hydrocarbons, turning them into less harmful compounds. Fungi can decompose organic pollutants in soil, while plants can absorb or transform contaminants through their roots, a method known as phytoremediation.
Applications:
Bioremediation offers an eco-friendly way to tackle pollution by using natural processes to clean up environmental contaminants.
See lessStem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including Leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea, and severe burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments. (150 words) [UPSC 2017]
Stem Cell Therapy: An Overview **1. What is Stem Cell Therapy? Definition: Stem cell therapy involves using stem cells to treat or prevent diseases. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into different cell types in the body. They can be used to replace damaged or diseaRead more
Stem Cell Therapy: An Overview
**1. What is Stem Cell Therapy?
**2. Advantages Over Other Treatments:
**1. Regenerative Potential:
**2. Reduced Risk of Rejection:
**3. Potential for Curing Genetic Disorders:
**4. Enhanced Treatment Options:
In summary, stem cell therapy presents significant advantages over traditional treatments, including regenerative capabilities, reduced risk of rejection, potential genetic corrections, and enhanced treatment options.
See lessWhy is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma? (250 words) [UPSC 2018]
Activity in Biotechnology in India and Its Impact on Biopharma 1. Reasons for Increased Activity in Biotechnology: Government Support: The Indian government has provided robust support for biotechnology through initiatives such as the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) and thRead more
Activity in Biotechnology in India and Its Impact on Biopharma
1. Reasons for Increased Activity in Biotechnology:
2. Benefits to the Biopharma Sector:
3. Recent Examples:
4. Conclusion: The surge in biotechnology activity in India is driven by strong governmental support, a growing talent pool, and international collaborations. This robust activity has significantly benefited the biopharma sector by enhancing the development of biopharmaceuticals, promoting innovation, reducing costs, and increasing global competitiveness. India’s advancements in biotechnology not only contribute to domestic healthcare improvements but also strengthen its position as a major player in the global biopharma industry.
See lessHow can biotechnology help to improve the living standards of farmers? (250 words) [UPSC 2019]
Biotechnology and Improvement of Farmers' Living Standards 1. Enhanced Crop Yields: Genetically Modified Crops: Biotechnology can significantly increase crop yields through the development of genetically modified (GM) crops. For example, Bt cotton has been engineered to resist pests, leading to highRead more
Biotechnology and Improvement of Farmers’ Living Standards
1. Enhanced Crop Yields:
2. Pest and Disease Resistance:
3. Improved Nutritional Quality:
4. Sustainable Agricultural Practices:
5. Adaptation to Climate Change:
6. Enhanced Soil Health:
7. Access to Market Information and Tools:
Through these advancements, biotechnology plays a crucial role in enhancing the economic viability, productivity, and sustainability of farming, leading to improved living standards for farmers.
See lessWhat are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of the society? (250 words) [UPSC 2021]
Research and Developmental Achievements in Applied Biotechnology 1. Crop Improvement: Recent advancements in genetic modification and CRISPR technology have led to the development of drought-resistant, nutrient-enriched, and high-yielding crop varieties. For instance, the Bt Brinjal, a genetically mRead more
Research and Developmental Achievements in Applied Biotechnology
1. Crop Improvement: Recent advancements in genetic modification and CRISPR technology have led to the development of drought-resistant, nutrient-enriched, and high-yielding crop varieties. For instance, the Bt Brinjal, a genetically modified eggplant, has been engineered to resist pest attacks, leading to reduced use of chemical pesticides and increased yields.
2. Healthcare Innovations: Applied biotechnology has produced novel vaccines and therapeutics. The Covaxin and Covishield vaccines, developed using biotechnology, have been pivotal in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, advances in biologics and gene therapy are offering new treatments for genetic disorders such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia.
3. Environmental Biotechnology: Innovations in bioremediation and waste management are addressing environmental challenges. Biodegradable plastics and microbial fuel cells are examples of biotechnology-driven solutions that reduce environmental pollution and contribute to sustainable practices.
4. Agriculture and Livestock: Biopesticides and biofertilizers are being developed to enhance soil health and crop productivity. For example, the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in crops like legumes improves soil fertility and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers.
Impact on Uplifting Poorer Sections of Society
1. Enhanced Agricultural Productivity: High-yielding and resilient crop varieties help smallholder farmers in poorer regions increase their crop yields and income. For example, drought-resistant varieties can help farmers in arid areas maintain productivity despite adverse weather conditions.
2. Affordable Healthcare: Biotechnology-driven healthcare solutions can make treatments more accessible and affordable. The production of low-cost vaccines and therapeutics helps in providing essential health services to underserved populations, reducing the burden of diseases in poorer communities.
3. Environmental Benefits: Biotechnology-based environmental solutions like bioremediation and biodegradable materials contribute to cleaner and healthier living environments. This indirectly benefits poorer communities, which are often more vulnerable to environmental degradation.
4. Employment Opportunities: The growth of the biotechnology sector creates job opportunities in research, manufacturing, and application fields. This can provide employment and improve livelihoods for individuals in economically disadvantaged areas.
Conclusion: The achievements in applied biotechnology offer significant potential to uplift poorer sections of society by improving agricultural productivity, enhancing healthcare accessibility, addressing environmental challenges, and creating job opportunities. These advancements help bridge socio-economic gaps and contribute to overall development and well-being.
See lessWhat are India's main achievements in biotechnology? How will these help in the upliftment of poor sections of society? (200 Words) [UPPSC 2023]
भारत की जैव प्रौद्योगिकी में प्रमुख उपलब्धियाँ स्वास्थ्य और चिकित्सा क्षेत्र: वैकल्पिक चिकित्सा: भारत ने ‘कोवैक्सिन’ और ‘कोविशील्ड’ जैसे COVID-19 टीकों का सफलतापूर्वक विकास किया है। ये टीके न केवल महामारी पर नियंत्रण पाने में सहायक हुए हैं बल्कि गरीब और वंचित वर्गों को सस्ती स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ प्रदानRead more
भारत की जैव प्रौद्योगिकी में प्रमुख उपलब्धियाँ
गरीब वर्ग के उत्थान में मदद
हालिया उदाहरण: **2023 में, भारत ने ‘प्रधानमंत्री आयुष्मान भारत योजना’ के तहत सस्ती बायोफार्मास्युटिकल्स और स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं को व्यापक रूप से उपलब्ध कराया है, जो गरीब वर्गों के स्वास्थ्य में सुधार करने में सहायक रहा है।
See lessautosomal disorders of non mandelian disorders
Autosomal disorders that do not follow Mendelian inheritance patterns are often categorized as complex or non-Mendelian disorders. Unlike classical Mendelian inheritance (dominant, recessive), these conditions arise from more intricate genetic mechanisms, which can include the following: ###Read more
Autosomal disorders that do not follow Mendelian inheritance patterns are often categorized as complex or non-Mendelian disorders. Unlike classical Mendelian inheritance (dominant, recessive), these conditions arise from more intricate genetic mechanisms, which can include the following:
### 1. **Mitochondrial Inheritance:**
– **Mitochondrial DNA Mutations:** These disorders are passed down from the mother because mitochondria, which have their own DNA, are inherited maternally. An example is **Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON).**
### 2. **Multifactorial Inheritance:**
– **Complex Traits:** These involve interactions between multiple genes (polygenic) and environmental factors. Conditions like **Type 2 Diabetes**, **Heart Disease**, and **Cleft Lip/Palate** are influenced by both genetic predispositions and lifestyle or environmental factors.
### 3. **Genomic Imprinting:**
– **Imprinted Genes:** Certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. Disorders such as **Prader-Willi Syndrome** and **Angelman Syndrome** arise from the same genetic region on chromosome 15, but the disorder that manifests depends on whether the defective gene is inherited from the mother or the father.
### 4. **Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders:**
– **Expansion of DNA Repeats:** These involve the expansion of specific DNA sequences. Disorders like **Huntington’s Disease** and **Fragile X Syndrome** are caused by the abnormal repetition of trinucleotide sequences in the genome.
### 5. **Mosaicism:**
– **Somatic Mosaicism:** This occurs when some cells in the body have a different genetic makeup than others, leading to disorders that vary in severity depending on the distribution of the affected cells. An example is **McCune-Albright Syndrome**.
These non-Mendelian disorders are more complex in their inheritance patterns and may involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and stochastic factors. They often require more sophisticated approaches to diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment.
See lessUses of bioreacters in industry
Bioreactors are crucial in various industries for processes that involve biological organisms or their products. Here are some key uses: 1. Pharmaceuticals: Production of antibiotics, vaccines, hormones, and other drugs. Bioreactors support the growth of microorganisms or cell cultures that produceRead more
Bioreactors are crucial in various industries for processes that involve biological organisms or their products. Here are some key uses:
1. Pharmaceuticals: Production of antibiotics, vaccines, hormones, and other drugs. Bioreactors support the growth of microorganisms or cell cultures that produce these compounds.
2. Biotechnology: Manufacturing of biofuels, enzymes, and specialty chemicals. They enable the fermentation and transformation processes necessary for producing these products.
3. Agriculture: Production of bio-pesticides, bio-fertilizers, and other agricultural products. Bioreactors help in cultivating microorganisms that benefit soil health and pest control.
4. Food and Beverage: Fermentation processes for producing products like beer, wine, cheese, and yogurt. Bioreactors control the environment to optimize the activity of yeast and bacteria.
5. Environmental Management: Waste treatment and bioremediation. Bioreactors help in breaking down pollutants and contaminants in wastewater or contaminated soil using microorganisms.
6. Chemical Industry: Synthesis of complex chemicals and materials. Bioreactors can be used for biosynthesis of compounds that are challenging to produce through traditional chemical processes.
Each application leverages bioreactors’ ability to create optimal conditions for biological processes, enhancing yield, efficiency, and product quality.
See lessDifferentiate between mendelian and non-mendelian disorders
Mandalien disorders : ●It is a genetics disorder ●Chromosomes does not changes ●Only single gene is involved ●Cause mutation in single gene ●Also called as monotonic disorder ●Either dominant or recessive EX: 1.Haemophilia 2.sickle cell anemia 3.phenylketonuria 4.color blindness 5.thalassemia 6.cystRead more
Mandalien disorders :
●It is a genetics disorder
●Chromosomes does not changes
●Only single gene is involved
●Cause mutation in single gene
●Also called as monotonic disorder
●Either dominant or recessive
EX:
1.Haemophilia
2.sickle cell anemia
3.phenylketonuria
4.color blindness
5.thalassemia
6.cystic fibrosis
Non-mendelian disorder :
●It is a genetic disorder
●Cause error in cell division following meiosis and mitosis
●Chromosomes changes
●More than one gene is involved
●called as chromosomal disorder Neither dominant or recessive
EX:
1.Allosomal disorder
a.Klinefelter’s syndrome
b.Turner’s syndrome
2.Autosomal disorder
a .Down syndrome
b.Edwards syndrome
c.Patau syndrome
d.Cri-du-chat syndrome
See less