Sign Up

Have an account?

Sign In

Don't have account,

Forgot Password

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.


Have an account?

Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must login to ask a question.

Need An Account,

Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.

Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.

Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.

Search
Ask A Question

Bio-technology

Share
Followers
488 Answers
251 Questions
Home/Applications & Awareness in Technology/Bio-technology/Page 19

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Enlighten the Bio world
  • 0
Enlighten the Bio worldBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In: ,
  • 0

What is primary and secondary containment? State the difference between the two.

biologybiosafetycontainment
  1. Koushik Vsk
    Koushik Vsk Begginer

    Containment in Biosafety   Containment in biosafety refers to the practices, equipment, and facilities designed to prevent the accidental release of biological agents or exposure to laboratory personnel and the environment. It's a crucial aspect of biosafety that ensures the safe handling of poRead more

    Containment in Biosafety

     

    Containment in biosafety refers to the practices, equipment, and facilities designed to prevent the accidental release of biological agents or exposure to laboratory personnel and the environment. It’s a crucial aspect of biosafety that ensures the safe handling of potentially hazardous microorganisms.

     

    There are two primary levels of containment:

     

    Primary Containment: This focuses on protecting laboratory personnel and the immediate laboratory environment. It involves using safety equipment like biosafety cabinets, personal protective equipment (PPE), and following good microbiological techniques.

    Secondary Containment:This protects the environment outside the laboratory. It involves the design of the laboratory facility itself, such as ventilation systems, airlocks, and waste management procedures.

     

    The level of containment required depends on the risk group of the biological agent being handled. Risk groups are classified based on the agent’s infectiousness, severity of disease, and transmissibility.

     

    Key components of containment include:

     

    Biosafety cabinets: These are enclosed workstations with airflow designed to prevent the escape of contaminants.

    Personal protective equipment (PPE): This includes gloves, lab coats, face masks, and eye protection to protect the individual.

    Safe laboratory practices:These are standardized procedures for handling, storing, and disposing of biological materials.

    Facility design:The laboratory layout, ventilation, and waste management systems contribute to containment.

     

    By implementing appropriate containment measures, laboratories can significantly reduce the risk of accidents and protect the health of workers and the community.

     

    Would you like to know more about biosafety levels or specific containment equipment?

     

    See less
Enlighten the Bio world
  • 0
Enlighten the Bio worldBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In: ,
  • 0

Difference between Biotechnology and Microbiology and also state the job opportunities in each sector. MSc in Microbiology is good or MSc in Biotechnology is good ?

biology
  1. Ruchi Nair
    Ruchi Nair Begginer

    Biotechnology and Microbiology are two closely related but distinct fields in terms of biological sciences. Biotechnology involves the use of living organisms or their products to develop new products to be used in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental conservation. Microbiology is study of micRead more

    Biotechnology and Microbiology are two closely related but distinct fields in terms of biological sciences. Biotechnology involves the use of living organisms or their products to develop new products to be used in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental conservation. Microbiology is study of microbes that impact health, environment and industry. Biotechnologist can find employment in pharmaceutical companies, research laboratories, biotech firms, and agricultural companies. They can also opt as research scientist or quality control analysts. Microbiologists work as healthcare professionals, laboratory assistants, epidemiologist or research scientist.

    Opting to pursue M.Sc. in Microbiology or Biotechnology is completely based on personal interest and career goals. It is extremely important to explore the job market in both the fields to choose a program that aligns with your interest zone. Research and innovation opportunities are equal in both the fields.

    See less
Anika Alam
  • 0
Anika AlamBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
  • 0

biotechnologyquestion
  1. Rittika Mukherjee
    Rittika Mukherjee Begginer

    Culture Media - Culture media  are the growth media for cells , it can be of 2 types , Natural and Artificial culture media . Culture media are very convenient for a wide range of animal cell culture as well as plant cell culture . Natural culture Media- Natural culture media consists solely of natuRead more

    Culture Media – Culture media  are the growth media for cells , it can be of 2 types , Natural and Artificial culture media . Culture media are very convenient for a wide range of animal cell culture as well as plant cell culture .

    Natural culture Media- Natural culture media consists solely of naturally occurring biological fluids ( Plasma, Serum , amniotic fluid etc. ), Tissue extracts ( Extracts of liver, spleen), Tumor leukocytes and bone marrow extracts , Clots ( Coagulates, plasma clots ).

    Artificial culture Media-  Artificial culture media are prepared by adding nutrients ( both organic and inorganic ) , vitamins, Serum proteins , carbohydrates, co- factors etc.

    Characteristics –

    • immediate survival ( A balanced salt solution with specific pH and osmotic pressure).
    • Prolonged survival (A balanced salt solution supplemented with various formulation of organic compounds or serum ).
    • Specialized function
    • Indefinite growth.
    See less
Enlighten the Bio world
  • 0
Enlighten the Bio worldBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In: ,
  • 0

Mention the principle of Bioethics and explain each principle with example.

bioethicsbiologyquestion
  1. Akshata Patil
    Akshata Patil Begginer

    Bioethics is the study of the ethical and moral implications of new biological discoveries and biomedical advances, as in the fields of genetic engineering and drug research. A multidisciplinary field that combines elements of philosophy, theology, history, and law with medicine, nursing, health polRead more

    Bioethics is the study of the ethical and moral implications of new biological discoveries and biomedical advances, as in the fields of genetic engineering and drug research. A multidisciplinary field that combines elements of philosophy, theology, history, and law with medicine, nursing, health policy, and the biomedical sciences and “bioethics” was coined in the 1960s. Here are a few examples that illustrate different areas of bioethics- Genetic Engineering, End-of-Life Decisions, Research Ethics, Artificial Intelligence and Medicine, Abortion, etc.
    The Four Principles Approach to bioethics was popularized by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in their book “Principles of Biomedical Ethics.” The four principles are often used as a framework for analyzing ethical issues in health care and are universally applicable across different cultures and traditions. They include:

    Autonomy: Autonomy is the principle that individuals have the right to make informed decisions about their own health care. It emphasizes respect for the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons and their right to self-determination. It’s why informed consent is necessary – patients need to know the risks, benefits, and alternatives before they can make an informed decision about their treatment.

    Beneficence: Beneficence refers to the obligation to act in the best interests of the patient or to promote the well-being of others. This could involve providing effective treatments, preventing harm, or promoting the patient’s health. It requires health care professionals to consider their actions and choose those that will result in the most benefit for the patient. It is closely tied to utilitarianism and ideas of cost-benefit analysis (basically, we want to use the limited resources we have to do the “most good” we can).

    Non-Maleficence: Non-maleficence means “do no harm.” Healthcare professionals must strive not to harm their patients, either intentionally or unintentionally. It is closely related to beneficence, but while beneficence asks healthcare providers to actively contribute to the patient’s health, non-maleficence asks them to avoid causing harm. For example, if a proposed treatment could potentially cause significant harm that outweighs the potential benefits, the principle of non-maleficence would dictate that the treatment should not be provided.

    Justice: Justice in healthcare often refers to fairness in the distribution of healthcare resources. It concerns the equitable distribution of benefits, risks, and costs. In a healthcare context, it could involve considerations of who should receive treatment when resources are scarce, or how to ensure access to healthcare for all segments of the population, regardless of their socio-economic status.

    See less
Shavi Sharma
  • 0
Shavi SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
  • 0

WHAT IS BIOPIRACY?WHAT ARE THE STEPS TO PREVENT IT?

question
  1. Enlighten the Bio world
    Enlighten the Bio world Begginer

    Biopiracy is the unauthorized and unethical exploitation of biological resources. It occurs often without providing fair compensation or obtaining proper consent from the communities or countries where these resources are found. Ex. when bioprospectors draw on indigenous knowledge of medicinal plantRead more

    Biopiracy is the unauthorized and unethical exploitation of biological resources. It occurs often without providing fair compensation or obtaining proper consent from the communities or countries where these resources are found.

    Ex. when bioprospectors draw on indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants which is later patented by medical companies without recognizing the fact that the knowledge is not new, or invented by the patenter, and depriving the indigenous community to the rights to commercial exploitation of the technology that they themselves had developed.

    Steps to prevent Biopiracy :

    1) Patent : A Patent is a statutory right for an invention granted for a limited period of time to the patentee by the Government, in exchange of full disclosure of his invention for excluding others, from making, using, selling, importing the patented product or process for producing that product for those purposes without his consent. Patent is granted to either product or process of making product not to idea or principle.

         Examples of patent include: Utility, Plant, Design, Biological.

    2) GIs ( Geographical indications): These are signs used on products that originate from a specific geographical location and posses characteristics , qualities and reputation unique to that region. GI help protect the identity and heritage of the products, ensuring consumers recognize their origin and quality.

    Example : Darjeeling Tea, Swiss Cheese.

    See less
Sandhwi Ranjan
  • 0
Sandhwi RanjanBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
  • 0

What are the applications of ELISA?  

  1. Shavi Sharma
    Shavi Sharma Begginer

    ELISA’s versatility spans diagnostics, research, environmental monitoring, and quality assurance in various industries worldwide, showcasing its indispensable role in modern scientific and medical practices. Following are some of the applications of ELISA: 1. Medical Diagnostics: - ELISA is pivotalRead more

    ELISA’s versatility spans diagnostics, research, environmental monitoring, and quality assurance in various industries worldwide, showcasing its indispensable role in modern scientific and medical practices. Following are some of the applications of ELISA:

    1. Medical Diagnostics:

    – ELISA is pivotal in HIV/AIDS testing, detecting antibodies to screen for infection.

    – It identifies autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

    2. Research and Development:

    – Quantifies proteins accurately, crucial for biomedical research and drug development.

    – Detects cytokines to understand immune responses and inflammation.

    3. Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring:

    – Detects allergens like peanuts or gluten in food products, ensuring safety.

    – Identifies environmental pollutants such as pesticides in samples, aiding in monitoring and regulation.

    4. Drug Testing:

    – Monitors therapeutic drug levels in patient blood samples to optimize treatment.

    – Screens for illicit drugs and performance-enhancing substances in forensic and sports testing.

    5. Veterinary Medicine:

    – Diagnoses diseases like parvovirus in animals through antibody detection.

    – Monitors immune responses to vaccines in veterinary settings.

    6. Biotechnology and Quality Control:

    – Quantifies antibodies in biotechnological processes to ensure product quality.

    – Tests batches of pharmaceuticals for consistency and efficacy.

    See less
S. Divya
  • 0
S. DivyaBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
  • 0

cell
  1. Koushik Vsk
    Koushik Vsk Begginer

    Cell Culture: A Cornerstone of Biotechnology   **Cell culture** is a laboratory technique where cells are grown under controlled conditions, typically outside their natural environment. This involves isolating cells from a tissue, followed by their proliferation in a suitable artificial environRead more

    Cell Culture: A Cornerstone of Biotechnology

     

    **Cell culture** is a laboratory technique where cells are grown under controlled conditions, typically outside their natural environment. This involves isolating cells from a tissue, followed by their proliferation in a suitable artificial environment. This environment must supply essential nutrients, growth factors, and maintain optimal conditions like temperature, pH, and gas composition.

     

    **Importance in Biotechnology:**

     

    Cell culture is a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, offering a myriad of applications:

     

    * **Drug discovery and development:** Cells in culture provide a platform for testing drug efficacy, toxicity, and mechanisms of action. This accelerates drug development and reduces reliance on animal testing.

    * **Vaccine production:** Many vaccines are produced using cultured cells, ensuring consistent quality and safety.

    * **Protein production:** Recombinant proteins, such as insulin and growth hormones, are often produced in large quantities using cell culture techniques for therapeutic purposes.

    * **Genetic engineering:** Cell culture is essential for manipulating genes and studying gene function. This has led to advancements in gene therapy and genetic engineering of organisms.

    * **Tissue engineering:** Cultured cells can be used to create artificial tissues and organs for transplantation, offering hope for patients with organ failure.

    * **Basic research:** Cell culture allows for detailed studies of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism, contributing to our fundamental understanding of biology.

    * **Toxicity testing:** Cells in culture are used to assess the toxicity of chemicals and environmental pollutants, aiding in risk assessment and safety regulations.

     

    By providing a controlled environment for studying cellular behavior, cell culture has revolutionized various fields of biotechnology and continues to be a vital tool for scientific advancement and medical innovation.

     

    See less
Anika Alam
  • 0
Anika AlamBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
  • 0

question
  1. Sandhwi Ranjan
    Sandhwi Ranjan Begginer

    Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a popular laboratory technique used to detect and quantify specific antigens (proteins, peptides, hormones, etc.) or antibodies in a sample. It combines the specificity of antibodies with the sensitivity of enzyme reactions to provide a versatile method fRead more

    Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a popular laboratory technique used to detect and quantify specific antigens (proteins, peptides, hormones, etc.) or antibodies in a sample. It combines the specificity of antibodies with the sensitivity of enzyme reactions to provide a versatile method for immunodetection.

    Key Components of ELISA

    1. Antigen or Antibody: The target molecule to be detected.
    2. Primary Antibody: Binds specifically to the target antigen.
    3. Secondary Antibody: Binds to the primary antibody and is usually linked to an enzyme.
    4. Enzyme: Conjugated to the secondary antibody; it reacts with a substrate to produce a detectable signal.

    Here are the main types of ELISA:

    1. Direct ELISA

    Procedure:

    • The antigen is immobilized directly onto the microplate.
    • A primary antibody conjugated to an enzyme is added, which binds to the antigen.
    • After washing to remove unbound antibodies, a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme to produce a measurable signal.

    Advantages:

    • Simple and quick, with fewer steps and reagents.
    • Reduced potential for cross-reactivity since only one antibody is used.

    Disadvantages:

    • Less flexible since the primary antibody must be labeled with an enzyme.
    • Lower signal amplification and sensitivity compared to other ELISA types.

    2. Indirect ELISA

    Procedure:

    • The antigen is immobilized on the microplate.
    • An unlabeled primary antibody is added to bind the antigen.
    • A labeled secondary antibody (conjugated to an enzyme) that recognizes the primary antibody is added.
    • After washing, a substrate is added, and the enzyme reaction produces a detectable signal.

    Advantages:

    • Increased sensitivity due to signal amplification from the secondary antibody.
    • More flexible, as the same labeled secondary antibody can be used with different primary antibodies.

    Disadvantages:

    • Additional steps and reagents increase complexity and time.
    • Potential for cross-reactivity from the secondary antibody.

    3. Sandwich ELISA

    Procedure:

    • A capture antibody is immobilized on the microplate.
    • The sample containing the antigen is added, and the antigen binds to the capture antibody.
    • A detection antibody (specific to a different epitope on the antigen) is added.
    • A secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme (if the detection antibody is not labeled) is added.
    • After washing, a substrate is added, and the enzyme reaction produces a detectable signal.

    Advantages:

    • High specificity since two different antibodies bind to the antigen.
    • High sensitivity due to multiple binding events and signal amplification.

    Disadvantages:

    • More complex and time-consuming with multiple antibodies and steps.
    • Requires well-characterized pairs of antibodies for each target antigen.

    4. Competitive ELISA

    Procedure:

    • The target antigen in the sample and a known amount of enzyme-labeled antigen compete for binding to a limited number of antibody sites.
    • The antibody-antigen complexes are then immobilized on the microplate.
    • The bound enzyme-labeled antigen produces a signal inversely proportional to the amount of target antigen in the sample.

    Advantages:

    • Suitable for detecting small antigens that may have only one epitope.
    • Can be used for measuring low concentrations of antigen.

    Disadvantages:

    • Requires precise optimization and controls.
    • More complex interpretation of results due to inverse relationship.

    5. Multiplex ELISA

    Procedure:

    • Multiple capture antibodies are immobilized on distinct regions or wells of the microplate.
    • The sample is added, and multiple antigens bind to their respective capture antibodies.
    • Detection antibodies, specific to each antigen, are added.
    • The detection process involves secondary antibodies conjugated to different enzymes or fluorescent labels.
    • Signals from each enzyme or label are measured simultaneously.

    Advantages:

    • Allows simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in a single sample.
    • Efficient use of sample volume and reagents.

    Disadvantages:

    • Requires careful design to avoid cross-reactivity and ensure accurate multiplexing.
    • More complex data analysis.

    Each type of ELISA has its specific applications and is chosen based on the requirements of sensitivity, specificity, sample type, and the availability of antibodies.

    2/2

    4o

    See less
Anika Alam
  • 0
Anika AlamBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
  • 0

question
  1. Vineet Swaraj
    Vineet Swaraj Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Transgenic animals are basically the animals who have had their DNA manipulated by addition of foreign gene through vectors. This is mostly for the following purposes: Study of disease: Diseases such as Cancer, cystic fibrosis, Rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's can be studied through them VaccineRead more

    Transgenic animals are basically the animals who have had their DNA manipulated by addition of foreign gene through vectors.

    This is mostly for the following purposes:

    1. Study of disease: Diseases such as Cancer, cystic fibrosis, Rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s can be studied through them
    2. Vaccine study: testing of vaccines could be done by injecting into transgenic animals.
    3. Physiological activities: study of genes and how they affect body functions could be done by introduction of genes that alter formation of some factors.
    4. Biological products: Such as alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-lactalbumin can be obtained.

    95% of the transgenic animals are MICE. Others include pigs, rabbits, sheep, cow, rats fish etc.

    See less
Anika Alam
  • 0
Anika AlamBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
  • 0

question
  1. [Deleted User]
    [Deleted User]

    Somatic hybridization is the process of breeding new plants by fusing isolated somatic protoplasts taken from various body parts/vegetative tissues of plants except for reproductive cells.   Somatic hybridization Steps Fusion of Protoplast The protoplast is a cell devoid of a cell wall. The fusRead more

    Somatic hybridization is the process of breeding new plants by fusing isolated somatic protoplasts taken from various body parts/vegetative tissues of plants except for reproductive cells.

     

    Somatic hybridization Steps

    1. Fusion of Protoplast

    The protoplast is a cell devoid of a cell wall. The fusion of protoplasts can be achieved by three methods:

    • Mechanical fusion: fusion is done mechanically through placing the protoplasts on a depression slide.
    • Spontaneous fusion: enzymatic breakdown and lytic mechanisms of cell walls.
    • Induced fusion: fusion aided by using chemicals called fusogens like NaNO3, polyethylene glycol, etc.

     

    1. Selection of Hybrid Cells

    Not all the protoplasts fuse, some leftover protoplasts fuse to develop a heterokaryon.

    There are three methods for the selection:

    • Biochemical method: Biochemical compounds are employed to select the fused cell out of the total cells which are unfused. There are two methods:
      • Drug sensitivity
      • Auxotrophic mutants
    • Visual method: Cells grown on various media are separated visually. 
    • Cytometric method: In this method flow cytometry and fluorescent cells are used for easy selection of cells.

     

    1. Identification of Hybrid Plant

    There is a need to use some molecular genotyping to determine the hybrid plants that resulted from the development. 

    • Morphology: In  this technique hybrids bear some characteristics of both the plants easily recognizable.
    • Isoenzyme analysis: Isoenzymes are different forms of the same enzymes which can catalyze a different reaction.

    Symmetric and asymmetric: When the chromosome numbers are present corresponding to the parents.

    See less
Load More Questions

Resources & Suggestions

Mains Answer Writing Latest Articles

On: April 18, 2025

Daily Answer Writing Practice Questions (18 April 2025)

Do you agree with the claim that indecision and risk aversion are prevalent issues in Indian bureaucracy? Support your answer with logical reasoning. (150 words) ऐसा कहा जाता है कि भारतीय नौकरशाही में अनिर्णय और जोखिम से बचने की प्रवृत्ति ...

On: April 18, 2025 Comments: 0

Strengthening India’s Cyber Defence

Rising Threats Digital Era Challenges: 2024 marks a significant rise in digital threats, particularly from AI and cyberattacks. Key Issues: Disinformation campaigns. Cyber fraud affecting daily life. Current Major Cyber Threats Ransomware Rampage: Over 48,000 instances of WannaCry ransomware detected ...

On: April 18, 2025 Comments: 0

भारत की साइबर सुरक्षा

बढ़ते खतरे कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता (AI) और साइबर हमले: 2024 में AI और साइबर हमलों के खतरे में वृद्धि। महत्वपूर्ण अवसंरचना पर हमले: डिजिटल हमलों और दुष्प्रचार अभियानों की संभावना बढ़ी है। प्रमुख साइबर खतरें रैनसमवेयर का प्रकोप: 48,000 से अधिक ...

Explore Our Blog