Social Issues of Independent India

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Urvi NairBegginer

Asked: August 6, 2024In: Social Issues of Independent India

Assess the role of civil society organizations and social movements in highlighting and addressing key social challenges in India.

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Evaluate the role of civil society organizations and social movements in identifying and tackling important social issues in India.

Akriti Pandey Enthusiast
Added an answer on November 25, 2024 at 1:36 am
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Vanshika BhardwajBegginer

Asked: July 16, 2024In: Social Issues of Independent India, Social Justice, Vulnerable Sections, Women

Women

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Discuss the importance of reproductive health services in rural India , and the challenges in accessing them .

kavita kodre Begginer
Added an answer on July 16, 2024 at 8:59 pm
Importance of reproductive health services in rural areas enables women to stay healthy. It helped in reducing maternal complications and mortality rate of childbirth.It also detects early stage pregnancy issues and birth defect.Education about reproductive health has improved family planning casesRead more

Importance of reproductive health services in rural areas enables women to stay healthy. It helped in reducing maternal complications and mortality rate of childbirth.It also detects early stage pregnancy issues and birth defect.Education about reproductive health has improved family planning cases which will result in population control.Also education can control the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.It spread the awarness about cancer in womens such as breast cancer,cervical cancer .Importance of reproductive health services provides the knowledge to elderly womens about Menopause ,Hormonal Changes and Depression regarding to that.It guides women to maintain menstural hygine and importance of it.

Challenges in Accesing Reproductive Health Services:

Superstitious Behaviour of people as they are not educated about reproductive health system.

High Illitreacy rate among the rural areas specially for girl child.

Lot of families are not economically stable to access the modern science technology healthcare system.

Goverment hospitals are not well equipped with modern healthcare systems,sometimes they face non availability of medicines and vaccines.

Healthcare centres are not easily accesible or not available 24*7 which indicates poor infrastructure.

Higher abortion rates due gender inequality.

Child Marriage is very dangerous issue according to reproductive health as girl or boy both has to be physically matured .

Lack of Sex Education which results early age prgnancy in girls which can be fatal sometimes.and also increases the chances of birth defects.

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Ravi ChopraBegginer

Asked: July 12, 2024In: Social Issues of Independent India

Highlight the differences in the Dalit movements in India before and after independence.

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Draw attention to the variations between India’s Dalit movements prior to and following independence.

Pritma Sharma Begginer
Added an answer on July 16, 2024 at 10:32 am
Dalits are those groups of people who have faced social discrimination including the untouchability. They largely belong to the economically disadvantaged groups of our society. Dalit movement raises issues of caste-based discrimination and economic inequality. It is a struggle for social justice. TRead more

Dalits are those groups of people who have faced social discrimination including the untouchability. They largely belong to the economically disadvantaged groups of our society. Dalit movement raises issues of caste-based discrimination and economic inequality. It is a struggle for social justice. There is no single unified Dalit movement in the country either in the past or in the present. Different movements highlighted different issues related to Dalits based on different ideologies. The common thread however among all the movements is all of them assert a Dalit identity.

Dalit Movements During Pre Independence Period

During the pre-Independence period, there were Dalit movements at both levels in India – the national and the provincial. At the national level M K Gandhi and Dr B R Ambedkar attempted to take up the problems of Dalits. But Ambedkar and Gandhi followed different approaches to solve them.

Gandhi found untouchability as a corrupt form of Hinduism and suggested that it can be solved by moral reform of the Hindus. He coined the term “Harijans” with the purpose to say that Dalits or untouchables were also “people of God” like those of the high castes.

Dr B R Ambedkar, on the other hand, saw the real cause of untouchability in the very nature of Hinduism and believed that unless the caste system is destroyed the social evil of untouchability cannot end and that it is possible only if Dalits acquire power. Hence in 1942, he formed the All India Scheduled Caste Federation (AISCF).

At provincial levels, there were also single caste movements in different parts of India – of Nadars, Pulayas, Ezhavas in South; of Namsudra movement in West Bengal; Adi Darm movement led by Mangu Ram of Punjab. 5. Narayana Guru led a movement among the Ezhavas in Travancore and Ayyankali- led a movement among the Pulayas of Kerala. These movements were committed to self-reform in the rituals, advancement of their education, gaining access to employment under the state.

Dalit Movements During Pre Independence Period

Republican Party of India (RPI) – RPI was formed based on the ideas and principles of Ambedkar. In the late 1950s and 1960s, RPI launched a cultural and political movement in UP and Maharashtra for achieving political and cultural autonomy from the dominant formations. A large number of Dalits converted to Buddhism.

Dalit Panther – An educated group of Dalits – young Dalit writers and poets, from Maharastra set up an organisation known as Dalit Panther in 1972. Influenced by Amedkarism, Marxism and “Negro literature”, they aimed at rejecting the caste system, which according to them was based on the Brahminical Hinduism.

Bahujan Samaj Party – The formation of the BSP by Kanshi Ram in 1984 marks a new beginning in the history of Dalit mobilisation and politics in the country. The BSP has not only succeeded in establishing a stronghold in some states in northern India but it has also been able to form governments in the critically important state of Uttar Pradesh.

The post-independence movements saw Dalits consciously distancing themselves from patronizing politics of upper caste. The period of 1970s saw the popularization of the word Dalit as a critique of the term Harijan.

The term “Dalit” referred to those who have broken, ground down by those above them ”, in a deliberate way there is in the word itself a denial of pollution, karma and justified hierarchy.

The post-Ambedkar Dalit movement had revolutionary practice. It ranged from providing alternative ways of living, changes in behaviour such as giving up beef, to religious conversions.

While the pre-independence movements by many reformers were mostly focused on reforming the existing caste system and in creating space for Dalits in that system, post independence movements ranged from reform the caste to abolishing the system altogether.

Dalit movements cannot be explained satisfactorily by referring only to economic exploitation or political oppression. The movement at its core is a struggle for recognition of fellow human beings. Dalit mobilisation and movements in India have helped in the virtual disappearance of untouchability in urban areas and in rural areas that it has declined drastically. It helped in creating awareness among Dalits about their Political rights. But still, there is a need for greater participation, assertion and mobilisation of Dalits at the all India level for the complete annihilation of Caste.
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Pritma SharmaBegginer

Asked: June 25, 2024In: Social Issues of Independent India

Provide an account of the New Farmers' Movements that began in the 1970s in India.

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Give a description of the New Farmers’ Movements that started in India in the 1970s.(Answer in 250 words)

Charu Gupta Begginer
Added an answer on July 11, 2024 at 12:28 pm
WHEN- 1970s and 80s WHERE- Different parts of India, most dominant uprisings in Punjab and Tamil Nadu WHY- prices, taxation, and related issues [non repayment of loans, lower the prices for agricultural inputs and essentials like water and electricity, introduce crop insurance, taxation, higher outpRead more

WHEN- 1970s and 80s

WHERE- Different parts of India, most dominant uprisings in Punjab and Tamil Nadu

WHY- prices, taxation, and related issues [non repayment of loans, lower the prices for agricultural inputs and essentials like water and electricity, introduce crop insurance, taxation, higher output prices, etc.]

WHAT- The movement was-
1. Regionally organised
2. Non party [farmers united together without any political influence]
3. Involved farmers and not peasants [peasants- grow plants for self consumption; farmers- involved in market, grow for self consumption well as selling]
4. Were strongly anti-state and anti-urban– basic ideology of the movement

HOW- lakhs of farmers came together and used novel methods of agitation were like:
1. road and railways blocking- dharnas, rasta roko
2. refusing politicians and bureaucrats’ entry in their villages- gavband
3. boycott of mandis by refusing to sell farm produce especially onion, cotton and tobacco or refusing to sell at low prices- increased output prices due to demand
4. marches and rallies
5. refusal in paying taxes and bill arrears

BROADENED AGENDA- The movements progressed and broadened its agenda to environmental and women issues, becoming one of the ‘new social movements.’

INTERESTING FACT- The movement was led by numerous dominant caste, upper class farmers for the land taxes, interests, and land related laws affected them significantly too. For small farmers, they were already in a turmoil with the non affordable changes introduced in he green revolution, and the revenue laws posed even more threat to their livelihood. Sociologists question if this was an advanced form of the older peasants movement.
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Urvi NairBegginer

Asked: August 6, 2024In: Social Issues of Independent India

Discuss the factors behind the rural-urban divide and the strategies to promote balanced regional development.

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Discuss the causes of the rural-urban divide and how to encourage balanced regional development.

Dua Mohanti Begginer
Added an answer on August 8, 2024 at 3:59 pm
Causes and Consequences The rural-urban divide is a significant issue in India, characterized by differences in socio-economic conditions, infrastructure, and opportunities between rural and urban areas. The factors contributing to this divide are: Historical Disparities: Historical inequities in reRead more

Causes and Consequences

The rural-urban divide is a significant issue in India, characterized by differences in socio-economic conditions, infrastructure, and opportunities between rural and urban areas. The factors contributing to this divide are:

Historical Disparities: Historical inequities in resource allocation, infrastructure development, and education have created a gap between rural and urban areas.

Migration: Rural-urban migration has led to a concentration of resources and opportunities in urban areas, leaving rural areas underdeveloped.

Lack of Infrastructure: Inadequate infrastructure, including roads, healthcare, and education facilities, hinders rural development and perpetuates the divide.

Unbalanced Economic Growth: Urban-centric economic growth models have prioritized urban development, neglecting the needs of rural areas.

Social and Cultural Factors: Social and cultural factors, such as caste and social hierarchy, can exacerbate the divide by limiting access to resources and opportunities for marginalized groups.

Strategies for Promoting Balanced Regional Development:

Inclusive Urban Planning: Urban planning should prioritize inclusive and sustainable development, considering the needs of all citizens, including those from rural areas.

Rural Development Schemes: Governments should implement targeted rural development schemes, focusing on infrastructure development, education, and healthcare.

Decentralization: Decentralization of power and resources can help promote regional development by giving local governments more autonomy to address specific needs.

Regional Development Funds: Governments should allocate regional development funds to support rural development initiatives, such as infrastructure projects and skill-building programs.

Private Sector Investment: Encouraging private sector investment in rural areas can provide job opportunities and stimulate local economies.

Social Inclusion: Efforts to promote social inclusion, such as education and skill-building programs, can help bridge the social and economic gap between rural and urban areas.

E-Governance: Implementing e-governance initiatives can improve access to public services, reduce corruption, and promote transparency in rural areas.

Community-Led Development: Community-led development initiatives can empower local communities to take ownership of their development and promote sustainable development.

Recent Examples:

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT): Launched in 2015, AMRUT aims to improve urban infrastructure and services in 500 cities across India.

Rural Electrification Corporation (REC): REC has been instrumental in promoting rural development by providing funding for rural infrastructure projects, including electrification initiatives.

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): PMGSY aims to upgrade rural roads and provide better connectivity to rural areas.

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Sakshi RaoBegginer

Asked: August 6, 2024In: Social Issues of Independent India

Discuss the measures undertaken to address the challenge of caste-based discrimination and the progress made in social empowerment.

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Discuss the steps done to address caste-based prejudice and the progress gained in social empowerment.

Gopal Sharma Begginer
Added an answer on August 8, 2024 at 3:37 pm
Caste-Based Discrimination: A Persistent Challenge Definition: Caste-based discrimination refers to the unjust and discriminatory treatment of individuals or groups based on their social caste, which is often determined by birth. Measures Undertaken: Constitutional Provisions: The Indian ConstitutioRead more

Caste-Based Discrimination: A Persistent Challenge

Definition: Caste-based discrimination refers to the unjust and discriminatory treatment of individuals or groups based on their social caste, which is often determined by birth.

Measures Undertaken:

Constitutional Provisions: The Indian Constitution, in its Preamble, guarantees equality and prohibits discrimination based on caste, religion, and other factors.

Reservation System: The Indian government has implemented a reservation system for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) to ensure representation and equal opportunities.

Anti-Discrimination Laws: The Indian government has enacted laws to prevent discrimination and promote social justice, such as the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.

Social Empowerment Programs: Various government programs and schemes have been implemented to empower SCs, STs, and OBCs, such as the National Overseas Scholarship Scheme for SCs and STs.

Recent Examples:

The Bhima Koregaon Incident: The 2017 Bhima Koregaon incident, where a Dalit group was attacked by a group of upper-caste men, highlighted the persistence of caste-based discrimination.

The Una Flogging Incident: The 2016 Una flogging incident, where four Dalit men were brutally flogged by a group of upper-caste men for skinning a dead cow, sparked widespread outrage and protests against caste-based discrimination.

The OBC Reservation Policy: The 2019 OBC reservation policy, which aims to increase the reservation quota for OBCs in educational institutions and government jobs, has been met with controversy and opposition.

Progress Made in Social Empowerment:

Increased Representation: The reservation system has led to increased representation of SCs, STs, and OBCs in government institutions, educational institutions, and the private sector.

Improved Socio-Economic Conditions: Social empowerment programs have improved socio-economic conditions for marginalized communities, including increased access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities.

Growing Awareness: Growing awareness about caste-based discrimination and its harmful effects has led to increased activism and advocacy for social change.

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Sakshi RaoBegginer

Asked: August 6, 2024In: Social Issues of Independent India

Evaluate the effectiveness of affirmative action policies and their impact on providing equitable opportunities for marginalized communities.

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Assess the efficacy of affirmative action measures and their contribution to providing fair opportunity for excluded communities.

Gopal Sharma Begginer
Added an answer on August 8, 2024 at 3:39 pm
Affirmative Action Policies: A Critical Evaluation Definition: Affirmative action policies aim to promote equal opportunities and address historical inequalities by providing preferential treatment to marginalized groups, such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward ClaRead more

Affirmative Action Policies: A Critical Evaluation

Definition: Affirmative action policies aim to promote equal opportunities and address historical inequalities by providing preferential treatment to marginalized groups, such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).

Effectiveness of Affirmative Action Policies:

Reservation System: The reservation system in India, which provides a certain percentage of seats for SCs, STs, and OBCs in government jobs and educational institutions, has been successful in increasing representation of marginalized groups.

Economic Empowerment: Affirmative action policies have helped in the economic empowerment of marginalized communities, with many SCs, STs, and OBCs now holding key positions in government and private sectors.

Increased Representation: The introduction of quotas for women and other marginalized groups has led to increased representation in politics and governance.

Recent Examples:

Rohingya Crisis: The recent Rohingya crisis in India has highlighted the need for affirmative action policies to address the challenges faced by marginalized communities.

Caste-based Violence: The recent caste-based violence in India has underscored the need for affirmative action policies to address the social and economic inequalities faced by SCs and STs.

Challenges and Limitations:

Creamy Layer: The “creamy layer” concept, which exempts certain individuals from reservation benefits, has been criticized for creating a new class of privileged individuals within marginalized groups.

Implementation Issues: The implementation of affirmative action policies is often plagued by issues such as lack of resources, inadequate infrastructure, and corruption.

Lack of Empowerment: Despite reservations, many marginalized groups still face significant social and economic barriers to empowerment.

Impact on Providing Equitable Opportunities:

Increased Access: Affirmative action policies have increased access to education and employment opportunities for marginalized communities.

Reduced Inequality: These policies have helped reduce inequality by promoting social justice and addressing historical inequalities.

Role Models: Affirmative action policies have created role models for marginalized communities, inspiring them to strive for excellence and overcome challenges.

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Swapna SundariLearner

Asked: January 27, 2025In: Social Issues of Independent India

Examine the advancements achieved by women in post-independent India regarding political representation, education, employment, and social status. (200 words)

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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (Approx. 50-70 words) Contextualization: Begin by providing a brief overview of the status of women in India before independence. Highlight the gender inequalities that existed in social, political, and economic spheres. Thesis Statement: Mention the significant advancements ...

Best Answer

Team Supreme
Added an answer on January 28, 2025 at 11:23 am
Model Answer Introduction The status of women in India prior to independence was marked by deep-rooted inequalities and discrimination. Women had limited access to education, employment, and political participation. However, since India gained independence in 1947, significant strides have been madeRead more

Model Answer

Introduction

The status of women in India prior to independence was marked by deep-rooted inequalities and discrimination. Women had limited access to education, employment, and political participation. However, since India gained independence in 1947, significant strides have been made in improving the rights and opportunities available to women, particularly in political representation, education, employment, and social status.

Political Representation

One of the most notable advancements for women in post-independent India has been in political representation. The number of women in Parliament has increased significantly, from just 22 in 1952 to 78 in 2019. Additionally, the number of women holding ministerial positions also saw growth, peaking at 11 in 2019. Women have also assumed the position of Chief Minister in several states, with 16 states having had a female CM, the first being Sucheta Kriplani in Uttar Pradesh in 1963.

Education

In terms of education, the literacy rate among women has seen a remarkable improvement, rising from just 8.9% in 1951 to 70.3% in 2011. The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) in primary education increased from 77.1% in 2000 to 97.4% in 2019. Similarly, GER in secondary education rose from 34.3% in 2000 to 79.3% in 2019, demonstrating significant progress in women’s access to education.

Employment

Despite improvements in education, women’s participation in the labor force has declined. The labor force participation rate for women dropped from 35.5% in 2004-05 to 22.5% in 2017-18. Moreover, the gender wage gap remains a challenge, with urban areas experiencing a 20.9% gap and rural areas a 18.7% gap as of 2018. Women also represent only 23.7% of the formal workforce, reflecting ongoing disparities in employment.

Social Status

Socially, India has seen a reduction in practices like child marriage, with its prevalence dropping from 50% in 1985 to 27% in 2016. The maternal mortality rate also improved, falling from 167 per 100,000 live births in 2011-13 to 113 per 100,000 live births in 2016-18. However, gender-based violence remains a serious issue, with 30% of women reporting physical or sexual violence from their husbands in the National Family Health Survey (2015-16).

Conclusion

While India has made notable progress in advancing the status of women since independence, there are still significant challenges to overcome in achieving gender equality. Continued efforts are required to address ongoing issues such as employment disparities and gender-based violence to ensure that women fully benefit from the opportunities available in post-independent India.
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Urvi NairBegginer

Asked: August 6, 2024In: Social Issues of Independent India

Analyze the factors contributing to the persistence of gender inequalities in India and the efforts to promote women's empowerment.

1

Analyze the elements that contribute to gender inequality in India, as well as measures to empower women.

Gopal Sharma Begginer
Added an answer on August 8, 2024 at 3:40 pm
Affirmative Action Policies: A Critical Evaluation Definition: Affirmative action policies aim to promote equal opportunities and address historical inequalities by providing preferential treatment to marginalized groups, such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward ClaRead more

Affirmative Action Policies: A Critical Evaluation

Definition: Affirmative action policies aim to promote equal opportunities and address historical inequalities by providing preferential treatment to marginalized groups, such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).

Effectiveness of Affirmative Action Policies:

Reservation System: The reservation system in India, which provides a certain percentage of seats for SCs, STs, and OBCs in government jobs and educational institutions, has been successful in increasing representation of marginalized groups.

Economic Empowerment: Affirmative action policies have helped in the economic empowerment of marginalized communities, with many SCs, STs, and OBCs now holding key positions in government and private sectors.

Increased Representation: The introduction of quotas for women and other marginalized groups has led to increased representation in politics and governance.

Recent Examples:

Rohingya Crisis: The recent Rohingya crisis in India has highlighted the need for affirmative action policies to address the challenges faced by marginalized communities.

Caste-based Violence: The recent caste-based violence in India has underscored the need for affirmative action policies to address the social and economic inequalities faced by SCs and STs.

Challenges and Limitations:

Creamy Layer: The “creamy layer” concept, which exempts certain individuals from reservation benefits, has been criticized for creating a new class of privileged individuals within marginalized groups.

Implementation Issues: The implementation of affirmative action policies is often plagued by issues such as lack of resources, inadequate infrastructure, and corruption.

Lack of Empowerment: Despite reservations, many marginalized groups still face significant social and economic barriers to empowerment.

Impact on Providing Equitable Opportunities:

Increased Access: Affirmative action policies have increased access to education and employment opportunities for marginalized communities.

Reduced Inequality: These policies have helped reduce inequality by promoting social justice and addressing historical inequalities.

Role Models: Affirmative action policies have created role models for marginalized communities, inspiring them to strive for excellence and overcome challenges.

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Urvi NairBegginer

Asked: August 6, 2024In: Social Issues of Independent India

Assess the challenges and responses to the issue of communal harmony and religious pluralism in independent India.

1

Examine the challenges and solutions to the problem of communal harmony and religious pluralism in independent India.

Gopal Sharma Begginer
Added an answer on August 8, 2024 at 3:42 pm
Communal Harmony and Religious Pluralism: Challenges and Responses Definition: Communal harmony and religious pluralism refer to the coexistence of diverse religious groups, fostering a sense of mutual respect, tolerance, and understanding. Challenges: Historical Legacy: The legacy of colonialism, cRead more

Communal Harmony and Religious Pluralism: Challenges and Responses

Definition: Communal harmony and religious pluralism refer to the coexistence of diverse religious groups, fostering a sense of mutual respect, tolerance, and understanding.

Challenges:

Historical Legacy: The legacy of colonialism, communal violence, and partition has contributed to ongoing tensions and conflicts between different religious groups.

Political Polarization: The increasing polarization of politics, fueled by the rise of nationalist and populist movements, has created an environment conducive to communal tensions.

Social and Economic Inequality: Persistent social and economic inequalities between different communities have exacerbated tensions and created divisions.

Terrorism and Extremism: The rise of terrorist organizations and extremist ideologies has led to attacks on religious minorities and fueled communal tensions.

Recent Examples:

2019 Delhi Riots: The communal riots in Delhi, sparked by protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), resulted in significant loss of life and property.

2020 Mangaluru Riots: The communal riots in Mangaluru, Karnataka, were sparked by a dispute over a mosque’s loudspeaker, leading to widespread violence and damage to property.

Gau Raksha Movements: The rise of Gau Raksha (Cow Protection) movements has led to attacks on Muslim minorities and fueled communal tensions.

Responses:

Constitutional Provisions: The Indian Constitution’s provisions on equality, freedom of religion, and protection of minority rights provide a framework for promoting communal harmony.

Laws and Institutions: Laws such as the Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence (Access to Justice and Reparation) Bill, 2011, and institutions like the National Commission for Minorities provide a framework for addressing communal violence.

Social and Cultural Initiatives: Initiatives like the National Foundation for Communal Harmony, the All India Minority Foundation, and the National Commission for Minority Education provide support for minority education and cultural preservation.

Dialogue and Conflict Resolution: Dialogue initiatives like the Interfaith Dialogue Conferences and conflict resolution mechanisms like the National Human Rights Commission provide platforms for addressing communal tensions.

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Social Issues of Independent India

Dalit Movements During Pre Independence Period

Dalit Movements During Pre Independence Period

Model Answer

Introduction

Political Representation

Education

Employment

Social Status

Conclusion

Education is everyone's right but is not being provided to ...

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Social Issues of Independent India

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Dalit Movements During Pre Independence Period

Dalit Movements During Pre Independence Period

Model Answer

Introduction

Political Representation

Education

Employment

Social Status

Conclusion

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