Post-independence India
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Enumerate the salient features of the tribal policy adopted after independence. Also, discuss the reasons for slow progress of tribals despite various efforts.
Post-independence, the task of integrating the tribal people into the mainstream was extremely complex. The debates on methods of integration revolved around two approaches. One was to leave the tribal people alone, untouched by modern influences and the second approach was that of assimilating themRead more
Post-independence, the task of integrating the tribal people into the mainstream was extremely complex. The debates on methods of integration revolved around two approaches. One was to leave the tribal people alone, untouched by modern influences and the second approach was that of assimilating them into the Indian society. However, India adopted the policy of integrating the tribals based on the Nehruvian approach of tribal development based on the principle of self- empowerment.
Salient features of tribal policy (Tribal Panchsheel) adopted after independence
Further, the Constitution also provided for the setting up of Tribal Advisory Councils in all states containing tribal areas to advise on matters concerning the welfare of the tribals. Also, several tribal- specific initiatives such as Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana, Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub Plan, Scheme for development of PVTGS, Forest Rights Act, 2006, scholarships for tribal students etc. have been implemented by the Government. Despite the constitutional safeguards and the efforts of the central and state governments, the tribals’ progress and welfare has been very slow, and even dismal to an extent. Reasons for slow progress of tribals
The constitutional and legislative safeguards should be implemented in letter and spirit protecting the land and forest rights of tribal communities. Further, the right to preservation of their language, culture and traditions, and to protect themselves against the loss of identity, must be recognized, protected and documented.
See lessHow did India transform politically, economically, and socially in the post-independence era?
Political Transformation: Congress Era (1947-1990s): After independence, the Indian National Congress played a pivotal role in shaping India’s political landscape. Led by leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi, Congress implemented socialist policies aimed at nation-building, industrializatRead more
In conclusion, post-independence India underwent significant political, economic, and social transformations driven by the policies and ideologies of Congress and BJP. While Congress focused on socialist ideals and state-led development initially, BJP’s ascent brought about economic liberalization, cultural nationalism, and infrastructure growth, shaping India into a dynamic and influential global player.
See lessThe period of Internal Emergency in India (1975-1977) has been deemed as the 'dark age of Indian democracy'. Discuss.
The period 1973-75, witnessed rising discontent against the Indira Gandhi government due to high inflation, failure of monsoon, poor management of food grains, unemployment and corruption. This was further followed by students' protests in Bihar and Gujarat, and tussle with the Judiciary. Amidst thiRead more
The period 1973-75, witnessed rising discontent against the Indira Gandhi government due to high inflation, failure of monsoon, poor management of food grains, unemployment and corruption. This was further followed by students’ protests in Bihar and Gujarat, and tussle with the Judiciary. Amidst this, the government declared Emergency on June 26, 1975 on the ground of threat of internal disturbances by invoking Article 352 of the Constitution. The period of Emergency is considered as the dark age of Indian democracy because of the following reasons:
The rampant abuse of power during the period made the leaders realise that sufficient checks and balances were required to prevent subversion of the rule of law and democratic institutions. Therefore, the ambiguities regarding the Emergency provisions in the Constitution were rectified by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978, wherein “Internal Emergency” could be proclaimed only on the ground of “armed rebellion”. Further, it became necessary for the Council of Ministers to advice the President in writing to proclaim National Emergency. The lifting of the Emergency and the free elections that followed revealed the underlying attachment of Indian people to democratic values including the importance of civil liberties and freedom of expression.
See lessIntroduced with much hope, land reforms measures in India after independence failed to make much difference. Critically comment.
At the time of independence, India inherited a semi-feudal agrarian structure. The farmers did not have ownership of land and ownership was concentrated in the hands of few landlords and intermediaries. Additionally, the land was fragmented. This resulted in minuscule income for farmers and reducedRead more
At the time of independence, India inherited a semi-feudal agrarian structure. The farmers did not have ownership of land and ownership was concentrated in the hands of few landlords and intermediaries. Additionally, the land was fragmented. This resulted in minuscule income for farmers and reduced the scope for further investment in agriculture. To overcome these structural challenges, land reforms were introduced post-independence.
They had the following components:
Land reforms were significant steps as they abolished the exploitative land tenure systems, distributed the surplus land among the landless and the weaker sections of the society, provided security of tenure, etc. Though the above reforms were steps in the right direction, they were not able to create much difference due to the following:
Thus, the pressure on land continues to rise. According to the latest Agriculture Census, the average holding has come down to 1.08 hectares (2015-16) from 2.28 hectares (1970-71). This has forced the farmers to take up alternative occupations, such as wage labour and animal husbandry. There continue to remain many structural challenges even after the reforms, thus, remedial measures should be taken in this regard.
See lessProvide an account of the New Farmers' Movements that began in the 1970s in India.
The New Farmer's Movements began in India in the 1970s in Punjab and Tamil Nadu, when farmers of the green revolution area began to rally around political parties and leaders. These movements included farmers rather than peasants, as farmers were said to be market-involved as both commodity producerRead more
The New Farmer’s Movements began in India in the 1970s in Punjab and Tamil Nadu, when farmers of the green revolution area began to rally around political parties and leaders. These movements included farmers rather than peasants, as farmers were said to be market-involved as both commodity producers and purchasers. Like other ‘new’ non-class or supra-class social movements, which emerged outside the formal political party structures, examples being environmental and women’s movements, these farmer’s movements were considered as ‘New’ on the following grounds:
Some prominent New Farmer’s Movements include:
Though the New Farmer’s Movements have been able to draw the attention of policymakers towards the deep-rooted agricultural distress, they have not been effective in bringing radical transformation in the countryside due to the fact that the movements suffer from internal conflicts and are identified with rich or market-oriented farmers.
See lessDiscuss the reasons behind the emergence of environmental movements and their significance in post independent India.
Environmental movement is a type of social movement that involves an array of individuals, groups and coalitions who perceive a common interest in environmental protection and act to bring about changes in environmental policies and practices. The reasons behind the emergence of environmental movemeRead more
Environmental movement is a type of social movement that involves an array of individuals, groups and coalitions who perceive a common interest in environmental protection and act to bring about changes in environmental policies and practices.
The reasons behind the emergence of environmental movements in India are:
The significance of environmental movements in post-independent India:
Further, these movements are significant because they involve multiplicity of people and events, which contribute to reinforcement of social change even in the contemporary times.
See lessDiscuss the evolution of cooperatives and their contribution to agricultural development in independent India.
Cooperatives are people-centred enterprises owned, controlled, and run by and for their members to for realise their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations. With the enactment of the Cooperative Credit Societies Act, 1904, the British tried to replicate the cooperative movementRead more
Cooperatives are people-centred enterprises owned, controlled, and run by and for their members to for realise their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations. With the enactment of the Cooperative Credit Societies Act, 1904, the British tried to replicate the cooperative movement of Europe in India.
The evolution of cooperatives and their contribution to the development of agriculture in India could be traced in the following two phases:
The cooperatives have contributed to the agricultural development in India in the following ways:
Thus, from providing vital inputs to ensuring production efficiency and facilitating the distribution and marketing of agricultural produce, cooperatives are pivotal for the development of the agricultural sector in India.
See lessThe primary task for the founders of the Republic of India was not its economic development, but the socio-cultural integration of the people of India. Discuss.
The Indian economy, during the early years of independence, was characterised as under-developed (with a per capita income of INR 230), import dependent, having poor infrastructure, trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty and illiteracy etc. However, newly independent India was also facing grave conceRead more
The Indian economy, during the early years of independence, was characterised as under-developed (with a per capita income of INR 230), import dependent, having poor infrastructure, trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty and illiteracy etc. However, newly independent India was also facing grave concerns like maintaining the integrity and unity of the nation and consolidation of various regions of India in the background of its huge diversity. Thus, more than dealing with economic problems, the immediate task in front of its founders was to shape a nation that was united, yet accommodative of the socio-cultural diversities.
Challenges in socio-cultural integration of people of India:
This diversity could become a divisive tool, thus transforming India into a disruptive country along the lines of communalism, casteism, and regional exclusivity. To address these challenges and keep the country united, early governments adopted policies of territorial integration, promoting social justice, the preservation of India’s rich diversity, and the inauguration of a civil and libertarian polity.
See less