Home/Post-independence India/Page 24
Post-independence India
Share
Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.
Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.
AI and Creativity
AI systems can demonstrate creativity by generating novel and unexpected outputs that resonate with human audiences. In fields like art, music, and literature, AI's creativity manifests through the generation of original artworks, compositions, and stories that provoke thought and emotion. However,Read more
AI systems can demonstrate creativity by generating novel and unexpected outputs that resonate with human audiences. In fields like art, music, and literature, AI’s creativity manifests through the generation of original artworks, compositions, and stories that provoke thought and emotion. However, the extent of AI’s creativity is limited by its reliance on existing data and algorithms. While AI can combine and reinterpret information in innovative ways, it lacks human-like intuition, subjective experience, and contextual understanding that often underpin truly groundbreaking creative acts.
Implications for art, music, and literature are twofold. On one hand, AI can augment human creativity by automating routine tasks, inspiring new ideas, or serving as a collaborator. This can democratize access to creative tools and expand artistic possibilities. On the other hand, concerns arise about authenticity and the role of human creativity in these fields. AI-generated works challenge traditional notions of authorship and originality, prompting ethical and legal debates.
Ultimately, while AI’s creative outputs can be impressive and valuable, the unique aspects of human creativity—such as empathy, imagination, and cultural context—ensure that humans will continue to play a central role in defining and appreciating creativity in art, music, and literature.
See lessEducation
BBBP Beti Bachao Beti padhao scheme involves poor Fund Utilisation, as accused by the committee on women empowerment. The scheme concentrated mostly on advertising the scheme and its awareness and reach rather than concentrating funds on the health and education of the girl children as promised by tRead more
BBBP
Beti Bachao Beti padhao scheme involves poor Fund Utilisation, as accused by the committee on women empowerment. The scheme concentrated mostly on advertising the scheme and its awareness and reach rather than concentrating funds on the health and education of the girl children as promised by the scheme.
The total budget from the inception to till date is 848 crores, where the funds of 622.48 crores are dispersed to the states. The disappointing research or fact came to the notice of the committee that only 23.48 per cent of the funds, which is 155 crore,s are only being identified to be utilised by the state government. This disappointing report was also put to the notice by the auditor General, who stated that the funds are being improperly utilised by the states contributing to the disadvantages of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao during his financial report by the year 2016 to 2017.
In the presence of ill utilised funds, the central government and the three ministries were releasing timely funds for the state for the proper functioning of the scheme. The committee has questioned this, and they addressed that the ministry of women’s welfare should check the Utilisation of funds by the state government. This should be checked from time to time.
See lessTransformations and Challenges in India's Post-Independence Economy
“The Indian economy is poised for sustained growth, driven by innovation, entrepreneurship, and a young demographic.” - Raghuram Rajan. India’s post-independence economy has undergone significant transformations and faced numerous challenges over the decades. Transformations in India’s Post IndependRead more
“The Indian economy is poised for sustained growth, driven by innovation, entrepreneurship, and a young demographic.” – Raghuram Rajan. India’s post-independence economy has undergone significant transformations and faced numerous challenges over the decades.
Transformations in India’s Post Independence Economy
1. Industrial Development:
• Early Industrial Policy: The initial decades post-independence saw a focus on import substitution industrialization (ISI), aimed at reducing dependency on imports by promoting domestic manufacturing.
• Liberalization Reforms: In the 1990s, economic liberalization policies were introduced, dismantling many restrictions on private sector participation, foreign investment, and trade, leading to increased industrial growth and modernization.
2. Agricultural Sector:
• Green Revolution: In the 1960s and 1970s, the Green Revolution significantly boosted agricultural productivity through the introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs), irrigation infrastructure, and modern agricultural practices.
• Challenges Remain: Despite improvements, the agricultural sector continues to face challenges such as low productivity, small landholdings, water scarcity, and income disparities.
3. Services Sector Boom:
• Rise of IT and BPO: The services sector, particularly information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing (BPO), witnessed rapid growth post-1990s, making India a global hub for IT services and back-office operations.
• Contribution to GDP: Services now contribute significantly to India’s GDP, surpassing agriculture and manufacturing in economic output.
4. Infrastructure Development:
• Investment in Infrastructure: There has been substantial investment in infrastructure projects such as roads, railways, airports, and urban amenities to support economic growth and urbanization.
• Gaps Remain: Infrastructure deficits persist in sectors like energy, transportation, and sanitation, hindering economic efficiency and growth potential.
5. Global Integration:
• Trade and Investment: India has increasingly integrated into the global economy through trade liberalization, foreign direct investment (FDI), and participation in international organizations like WTO.
• Export Growth: Export-oriented industries have expanded, diversifying India’s trade basket and enhancing its global competitiveness.
Challenges:
1. Income Inequality and Poverty:
• Persistent Disparities: Income inequality remains a challenge, with disparities between urban and rural areas, and marginalized communities facing socio-economic exclusion and poverty.
2. Unemployment and Underemployment:
• Youth Employment: High unemployment rates, particularly among youth, and underemployment in informal sectors pose significant socio-economic challenges.
• Skill Mismatch: There is a mismatch between the skills demanded by the labor market and those possessed by the workforce.
3. Infrastructure Deficits:
• Quality and Access: Infrastructure gaps, including inadequate power supply, poor transport networks, and deficient healthcare and education facilities, impede economic productivity and growth.
4. Environmental Sustainability:
• Environmental Degradation: Rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to environmental challenges such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and resource depletion.
• Climate Change Risks: Vulnerability to climate change impacts poses risks to agriculture, water resources, and coastal communities.
5. Policy Reforms and Governance:
• Bureaucratic Bottlenecks: Cumbersome regulatory frameworks, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and policy uncertainties hinder business operations and investment.
• Ease of Doing Business: Improving the ease of doing business, regulatory transparency, and governance reforms are essential for attracting investments and promoting sustainable growth.
6. Social Sector Development:
• Healthcare and Education: Gaps in healthcare infrastructure, quality education, and social security systems limit human development outcomes and inclusive growth.
Conclusion:
While significant strides have been made in industrialization, services growth, and global integration, persistent issues such as income inequality, infrastructure deficits, environmental sustainability, and governance reforms require continuous attention and policy interventions. Addressing these challenges is crucial for sustaining economic growth, improving living standards, and achieving inclusive development in India.
See lessWhat are the prospects and challenges for India's manufacturing sector under the "Make in India" initiative?
“Make in India is not a brand, it is a new national movement. It is a commitment to transform India into a global manufacturing hub.” - Narendra Modi. The “Make in India” initiative, launched in 2014, aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub by encouraging both domestic and foreign inRead more
“Make in India is not a brand, it is a new national movement. It is a commitment to transform India into a global manufacturing hub.” – Narendra Modi. The “Make in India” initiative, launched in 2014, aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub by encouraging both domestic and foreign investment in various sectors.
Prospects for India’s manufacturing sector under make in India initiative:
1. Enhanced Manufacturing Competitiveness:
• Prospect: “Make in India” seeks to boost India’s manufacturing competitiveness by improving infrastructure, reducing regulatory hurdles, and promoting ease of doing business.
• Impact: Increased competitiveness can attract global manufacturers looking to diversify their supply chains, leading to job creation and economic growth.
2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflows:
• Prospect: The initiative aims to attract foreign investment in manufacturing sectors such as electronics, automotive, pharmaceuticals, and defense.
• Impact: FDI inflows can bring in advanced technology, managerial expertise, and global best practices, contributing to industrial modernization and expansion.
3. Employment Generation:
• Prospect: Expansion in manufacturing can create millions of direct and indirect jobs across various skill levels, contributing to poverty reduction and inclusive growth.
• Impact: With a youthful demographic advantage, India can leverage its workforce to meet the demands of a growing manufacturing sector.
4. Export Growth:
• Prospect: Strengthening manufacturing capabilities can enhance India’s export competitiveness, particularly in sectors with global demand.
• Impact: Increased exports can improve trade balance, attract forex inflows, and position India as a key player in global value chains.
5. Technology and Innovation:
• Prospect: “Make in India” encourages investments in research and development (R&D) and promotes innovation-led manufacturing.
• Impact: Adoption of advanced technologies can improve productivity, quality standards, and product diversification, fostering sustainable growth and competitiveness.
Challenges:
1. Infrastructure Bottlenecks:
• Challenge: Inadequate infrastructure, including transportation, power supply, and logistics, increases operational costs and delays project execution.
• Impact: Poor infrastructure hampers competitiveness, limits market access, and deters investment in manufacturing.
2. Complex Regulatory Environment:
• Challenge: Cumbersome regulatory procedures, outdated labor laws, and bureaucratic red tape create barriers to starting and operating manufacturing businesses.
• Impact: Regulatory challenges increase compliance costs, delay project approvals, and discourage investment, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
3. Skill Shortages and Quality Workforce:
• Challenge: Manufacturing sectors face skill shortages and gaps in technical education, limiting the availability of trained workforce.
• Impact: Inadequate skills hinder technological adoption, reduce productivity, and pose challenges in meeting industry demands for skilled labor.
4. Global Economic Uncertainty:
• Challenge: Global economic volatility, trade tensions, and protectionist measures can impact export-oriented manufacturing sectors.
• Impact: Uncertainty affects investment decisions, market access, and export competitiveness, requiring adaptive strategies and diversified market approaches.
5. Environmental Sustainability:
• Challenge: Rapid industrialization can lead to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and ecological imbalances.
• Impact: Environmental concerns may result in regulatory restrictions, public opposition, and reputational risks for manufacturing firms, necessitating sustainable practices and compliance with environmental norms.
6. Technology Upgradation and Innovation:
• Challenge: Limited R&D investment, slow technology adoption, and innovation gaps constrain manufacturing sector growth and competitiveness.
• Impact: Failure to innovate can impede productivity gains, limit product diversification, and weaken long-term sustainability in global markets.
Conclusion:
The “Make in India” initiative holds significant promise for transforming India into a manufacturing powerhouse, leveraging its demographic dividend, expanding industrial base, and fostering economic diversification. However, addressing infrastructure deficits, regulatory complexities, skill shortages, environmental sustainability, and global economic uncertainties are crucial for realizing the full potential of this initiative.
See lessis it better to choose engineering or sciences?
Hi there, Choosing between engineering and sciences depends on your interests, strengths, and career goals. Engineering: - Focuses on applying scientific principles to solve real-world problems. - Offers diverse fields like civil, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering. - Often leads to prRead more
Hi there,
Choosing between engineering and sciences depends on your interests, strengths, and career goals.
Engineering:
– Focuses on applying scientific principles to solve real-world problems.
– Offers diverse fields like civil, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering.
– Often leads to practical, hands-on work with immediate, tangible results.
– Promises high employability and attractive salaries, particularly in high-demand sectors like technology and infrastructure.
Sciences:
– Centers on understanding the natural world through observation and experimentation.
– Encompasses areas like physics, chemistry, biology, and environmental science.
– Provides a foundation for innovation and technological advancements.
– Suits those passionate about research, discovery, and theoretical work.
Final Verdict
Consider your passion for either creating solutions (engineering) or exploring and understanding phenomena (sciences). Both paths are prestigious and can lead to rewarding careers. Reflect on your interests and strengths to make an informed choice.
See lessHow does photosynthesis contribute to the energy flow in an ecosystem?
Photosynthesis is a fundamental process that contributes significantly to the energy flow in ecosystems. Here’s how photosynthesis works and its role in energy flow: 1.Photosynthesis Process: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usuallyRead more
Photosynthesis is a fundamental process that contributes significantly to the energy flow in ecosystems. Here’s how photosynthesis works and its role in energy flow:
1.Photosynthesis Process:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy stored in glucose and other organic molecules.
2.Energy Capture and Conversion:
During photosynthesis, light energy is captured by chlorophyll molecules in chloroplasts within plant cells. This energy is used to drive a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
The glucose produced serves as a form of chemical energy storage within plants.
3.Energy Transfer to Consumers:
Primary producers, such as plants and algae, are capable of photosynthesis and convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Herbivores (primary consumers) consume plants and algae to obtain this stored energy in the form of glucose through digestion.
Secondary consumers (carnivores and omnivores) then consume herbivores, transferring the stored energy further up the food chain.
4.Energy Flow in Trophic Levels:
Photosynthesis forms the foundation of the food chain in ecosystems. Energy flows from producers (plants and algae) to primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores and omnivores), and higher trophic levels.
Each transfer of energy between trophic levels is inefficient, with approximately 10% of the energy being transferred from one level to the next (known as the 10% rule).
5.Oxygen Production:
Alongside glucose production, photosynthesis releases oxygen as a byproduct into the atmosphere. This oxygen is crucial for the respiration of organisms, supporting aerobic metabolism in plants, animals, and microorganisms.
5.Carbon Cycle Regulation:
Photosynthesis plays a critical role in regulating the carbon cycle by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converting it into organic carbon compounds. This helps in maintaining global carbon balance and influencing climate regulation.
See lessIn summary, photosynthesis is pivotal in ecosystem energy dynamics as it converts solar energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules (glucose). This energy is then transferred through trophic levels, sustaining life and driving ecosystem processes. Additionally, photosynthesis contributes to oxygen production and plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. Thus, it is fundamental to understanding the functioning and productivity of ecosystems worldwide.
LOVE gives PAIN, so learn to LOVE the PAIN!!
"Love gives pain, so learn to love the pain" can be interpreted as a philosophical perspective on embracing challenges and difficulties in life: 1.Embracing Challenges: Life inevitably brings pain and challenges, whether in relationships, pursuits, or personal growth. Instead of avoiding or fearingRead more
“Love gives pain, so learn to love the pain” can be interpreted as a philosophical perspective on embracing challenges and difficulties in life:
1.Embracing Challenges: Life inevitably brings pain and challenges, whether in relationships, pursuits, or personal growth. Instead of avoiding or fearing pain, this perspective encourages facing it head-on.
2.Learning and Growth: By accepting and even embracing pain, one can learn valuable lessons and grow stronger emotionally, mentally, and spiritually. Adversity often presents opportunities for personal development and resilience.
3.Love as a Metaphor: The term “love” here metaphorically represents acceptance and willingness. Just as one accepts love despite its potential for pain (heartbreak, loss), similarly, embracing life’s pains can lead to profound personal growth.
4.Philosophical Resilience: This perspective aligns with philosophical ideas about resilience, stoicism, and the human capacity to endure and grow from adversity. It encourages a proactive approach to challenges rather than passive acceptance.
In essence, “learn to love the pain” encourages a mindset where difficulties are viewed not as setbacks but as opportunities for strength, learning, and personal transformation. It suggests that by embracing and understanding pain, we can navigate life’s challenges with greater wisdom and resilience.
See lessDescribe any 4 major political developments that India witnessed between the period 1989 to 1999.
India underwent a massive development after 1989, the year that turned around everything for Indian Politics. India witnessed pivotal political developments from 1989 to 1999. 1. The elections of 1989 challenged the one-party dominance era of the Indian National Congress as the party faced a humiliaRead more
India underwent a massive development after 1989, the year that turned around everything for Indian Politics. India witnessed pivotal political developments from 1989 to 1999.
1. The elections of 1989 challenged the one-party dominance era of the Indian National Congress as the party faced a humiliating defeat under the leadership of Rajiv Gandhi. This defeat also led to the rise of coalition governments as the National Front, a coalition of many parties ruled till 1990.
2. This era also improved the state of the Indian economy as Dr. Manmohan Singh was appointed Finance Minister in 1991 and initiated the concept of LPG (liberalization, privatization, and globalization) along with many economic policies.
3. The 1990s also saw the development of caste politics as V.P. Singh implemented the Mandal Commission’s report recommending the rise of reservations to 27% for OBCs. Many parties such as BSP and Janata Dal also claimed to represent the backward castes.
4. The current ruling party, BJP traces its roots back to the 1990s as the party started asserting its position by advocating for Hindu nationalism during the Babri Masjid conflict. BJP also managed to form a majority with the help of a coalition in 1989.
See lessHow would you characterise the agrarian struggle in India since Independence?
India is known as an agricultural country. The economy was an agro-based economy and nearly 75% of people worked in the field for their livelihood. Even though it is a primary source of living this sector does not contribute enough to the economy. In the particular year of 1950-1951 the contributionRead more
India is known as an agricultural country. The economy was an agro-based economy and nearly 75% of people worked in the field for their livelihood. Even though it is a primary source of living this sector does not contribute enough to the economy. In the particular year of 1950-1951 the contribution of the agricultural sector was around 59 %.
The reason behind the less contribution by the agricultural sector in the economy is :
After independence India needs to suffer through a lot of complications like not able to hold any “All India kisan sabha ” till 1953 .After 1953 kisan sabha fought many battles in India like fair price of land , debt relief , Reducing the burden of heavy taxation.
The most important struggle under kisan sabha was Telangana struggle .The peasant was united irrespective of their political differences and background. It forced the government to withdraw the tax around 136 crore.
The most heroic struggle was Punjab peasantry in 1959 which is against imposition of levy tax.
The country and the peasants go through a huge sacrifice for the rights and betterment of the peasants . Many sacrificed their lives too . But at the end ,
In 1990 the agricultural revolution finally started and the agrarian economy showed the growth in production and spotted improvement in techniques.
See lessBriefly mention about the basic determinants of India' s foreign policy.
Basic determinants of India's foreign policy: India's foreign policy is shaped by a combination of historical, geographical, and strategic factors. Some of the key determinants are: Strategic location: India's unique geographical location as a peninsula in South Asia, surrounded by major powers likeRead more
Basic determinants of India’s foreign policy:
India’s foreign policy is shaped by a combination of historical, geographical, and strategic factors. Some of the key determinants are:
- Strategic location: India’s unique geographical location as a peninsula in South Asia, surrounded by major powers like China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, influences its foreign policy.
- Independence and sovereignty: India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule has instilled a strong sense of national pride and a desire to protect its sovereignty, which is reflected in its foreign policy.
- Non-alignment: India’s decision to remain non-aligned during the Cold War era has continued to influence its foreign policy approach, with a focus on maintaining good relations with both the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia.
- Economic interests: India’s growing economy and aspirations for global economic leadership have led it to prioritize economic cooperation and diplomacy.
- Regional security concerns: India’s concerns about regional security, particularly with regards to Pakistan and China, shape its foreign policy decisions.
- International organizations: India’s membership in international organizations like the United Nations, the G20, and the BRICS grouping (Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa) reflects its commitment to multilateralism and cooperation.
See less