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Post-independence India

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Home/Post-independence India/Page 11

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Anannya
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AnannyaBegginer
Asked: July 22, 2024In: , , ,
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grassroot movements
  1. Mansha
    Mansha Learner

    Past Contributions Suffrage Movements: Early 20th-century movements fought for women’s right to vote, leading to significant political empowerment. Civil Rights Movements: Grassroots activism during the 1960s addressed racial and gender inequalities, promoting equal rights for women. Women’s LiberatRead more

    Past Contributions

    Suffrage Movements:

    Early 20th-century movements fought for women’s right to vote, leading to significant political empowerment.

    Civil Rights Movements:

    Grassroots activism during the 1960s addressed racial and gender inequalities, promoting equal rights for women.

    Women’s Liberation Movement:

    The 1970s saw a surge in activism for reproductive rights, workplace equality, and anti-discrimination laws.

    Present-Day Contributions

    #MeToo Movement:

    Raised global awareness about sexual harassment and assault, leading to policy changes and greater accountability.

    Economic Empowerment Initiatives:

    Grassroots organizations provide microloans and vocational training to women, fostering financial independence.

    Education and Advocacy:

    Local groups work to improve access to education for girls and advocate against child marriage and gender-based violence.

    Health and Well-being:

    Grassroots efforts focus on women’s health, including maternal care and mental health support.

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Dipshikha Anand
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Dipshikha AnandLearner
Asked: July 27, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
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Explain the 5-year plans in terms of employment generation in India since independence.

question
  1. Sunita Soni
    Sunita Soni Begginer

    India's 5-year plans, also known as the Five-Year Plans, are a series of national development plans designed to promote economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve the quality of life for the Indian population. Since independence in 1947, India has implemented several 5-year plans to achieve theseRead more

    India’s 5-year plans, also known as the Five-Year Plans, are a series of national development plans designed to promote economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve the quality of life for the Indian population. Since independence in 1947, India has implemented several 5-year plans to achieve these goals. Here’s an overview of the employment generation aspect of each plan:

    First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956)

    • Focus: Infrastructure development, agriculture, and industrialization
    • Employment generation: The plan aimed to create 3.5 million jobs in the organized sector
    • Achievements: The plan saw a moderate growth rate of 4.1% in GDP, but employment growth was slower at 2.5%

    Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961)

    • Focus: Heavy industry development, irrigation, and agriculture
    • Employment generation: The plan aimed to create 5.5 million jobs in the organized sector
    • Achievements: The plan saw a moderate growth rate of 4.8% in GDP, with employment growth increasing to 3.1%

    Third Five-Year Plan (1961-1966)

    • Focus: Rapid industrialization, agricultural development, and infrastructure expansion
    • Employment generation: The plan aimed to create 7.5 million jobs in the organized sector
    • Achievements: The plan saw a higher growth rate of 5.4% in GDP, with employment growth increasing to 4.2%

    Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974)

    • Focus: Economic liberalization, diversification, and accelerated growth
    • Employment generation: The plan aimed to create 10 million jobs in the organized sector
    • Achievements: The plan saw a moderate growth rate of 4.3% in GDP, with employment growth slowing down to 2.9%

    Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1979)

    • Focus: Social and economic development, especially in the rural areas
    • Employment generation: The plan aimed to create 12 million jobs in the organized sector
    • Achievements: The plan saw a moderate growth rate of 4.8% in GDP, with employment growth increasing to 3.5%
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Richa
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RichaBegginer
Asked: August 11, 2024In: , , , ,
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foreign policyinternational relationspost independence india
  1. V
    V

    India after its independence in 1947 had a broad foreign policy orientation till the end of 1980's by being 'Non Aligned' which meant not to be either aligned or against any superpower and maintaining strategic confrontation with both the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. although being ambivalent towards theRead more

    India after its independence in 1947 had a broad foreign policy orientation till the end of 1980’s by being ‘Non Aligned’ which meant not to be either aligned or against any superpower and maintaining strategic confrontation with both the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. although being ambivalent towards the global ideology till cold war. Further India strongly walked on the principles of anti- imperialism, anti- racism, anti- colonialism and focused on peaceful coexistence (panchsheel) and global stability.

    With the rise of globalisation in the 1980’s during Rajiv Gandhi’s era, India walked into the path of pro liberalisation and capitalism by adopting an open market economy and strengthening ties with the western powers. With the launch of “Look East” policy, India turned into a big-power in the South Asian region, forming regional organisation (allies). With this India adopted the policy of “Multi Alignment” or “Strategic Autonomy” which is an extension of “Non Alignment”, this continues till present. India thus finds itself to be “viswa guru” by maintaining friendly ties with all the countries.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 31, 2024In:
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Answer the question in a maximum of 200 words. This question carries 11 marks. [MPPSC 2023] Discuss the first general election held in India after independence.

mppsc: post-independence india
  1. Veda Sharma
    Veda Sharma Begginer

    The First General Election of Independent India Introduction The first General Election of Independent India, held between October 1951 and March 1952, was a landmark event in the nation's political history. It marked the transition from British colonial rule to a sovereign democratic republic, settRead more

    The First General Election of Independent India

    Introduction

    The first General Election of Independent India, held between October 1951 and March 1952, was a landmark event in the nation’s political history. It marked the transition from British colonial rule to a sovereign democratic republic, setting the foundation for India’s democratic processes. This election was significant not only for its scale and complexity but also for the role it played in shaping India’s political landscape.

    Context and Preparation

    • End of British Rule: India gained independence from British rule on August 15, 1947. The need for a democratic framework was urgent as the country transitioned from colonial governance to self-rule.
    • Constitutional Framework: The Constitution of India, drafted by the Constituent Assembly and adopted on January 26, 1950, established the democratic structure of the Indian state. The Election Commission of India was set up to oversee and conduct elections.
    • Electoral Boundaries: The first General Election was conducted under the leadership of the then Chief Election Commissioner, Sukumar Sen. The country was divided into 401 constituencies, with each constituency electing one member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament. The states were further divided into legislative assemblies.

    Electoral Process

    • Voter Registration: The voter registration process was massive, with over 173 million people eligible to vote. This was an enormous logistical challenge given the vast size of the country and the limited infrastructure at the time.
    • Political Parties and Candidates: Major political parties included the Indian National Congress (INC), the Communist Party of India (CPI), the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), and various regional parties. Jawaharlal Nehru led the INC, which was the dominant party in Indian politics.
    • Campaign and Issues: The campaign focused on various issues such as economic development, social justice, and the integration of princely states. The INC, which had been a leading force in the freedom struggle, campaigned on the promise of continuing the reforms initiated during the struggle for independence.

    Election Results and Implications

    • Outcome: The Indian National Congress emerged as the dominant party, winning 364 out of 401 seats in the Lok Sabha. This overwhelming majority enabled Jawaharlal Nehru to continue as the Prime Minister, solidifying his position in Indian politics.
    • Formation of Government: Nehru’s leadership was instrumental in setting the tone for India’s post-independence development. His government focused on building institutions, promoting economic growth, and fostering social cohesion.
    • Impact on Democracy: The successful conduct of the first General Election established the credibility of the Indian electoral system. It demonstrated the ability of a newly independent nation to manage a complex democratic process and set a precedent for future elections.

    Recent Examples and Comparative Analysis

    • Modern Electoral Processes: Comparing the first General Election with contemporary elections reveals significant advancements in the electoral process. For instance, the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and advanced voter verification systems have streamlined the process. The 2019 General Election, which saw over 900 million voters, was conducted with enhanced technology and security measures.
    • Voter Turnout: The voter turnout in the first General Election was approximately 61.5%, while recent elections have seen higher participation rates, reflecting increased voter engagement and the effectiveness of voter outreach programs.
    • Electoral Reforms: Over the decades, various electoral reforms have been introduced to improve transparency and fairness, such as the introduction of the Model Code of Conduct, the banning of communal and caste-based campaigning, and the regulation of political funding.

    Conclusion

    The first General Election of Independent India was a monumental event that laid the foundation for the country’s democratic framework. It was a testament to the resilience and aspiration of a newly independent nation striving to establish a robust democratic process. The evolution of India’s electoral system, from its inception to the present day, reflects the country’s ongoing commitment to democratic principles and governance.

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Smitha Krishnan
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Smitha KrishnanBegginer
Asked: January 27, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Contextualize the question: Begin by outlining the broad scope of the environmental policy of India in the post-colonial period, noting the dual influences of India’s colonial past and its need for development after independence. Mention key areas ...

upsc: post-independence india
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Post-colonial India's environmental policy reflects a blend of continuity with its colonial legacy and significant departures towards sustainability and social inclusiveness. While British colonial policies focused primarily on resource extraction and control, independent IRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Post-colonial India’s environmental policy reflects a blend of continuity with its colonial legacy and significant departures towards sustainability and social inclusiveness. While British colonial policies focused primarily on resource extraction and control, independent India shifted towards a more balanced approach emphasizing ecological preservation, sustainable development, and environmental justice. This analysis will explore the extent to which post-colonial India’s environmental policies continued colonial practices, while also assessing the new directions taken after independence.

    Continuity with Colonial Policies

    The colonial era saw environmental policies largely designed to benefit British economic interests, with limited regard for local communities. Key policies like the Indian Forest Act of 1865 and the Forest Act of 1927 focused on the commercial exploitation of India’s forest resources, while restricting local access to these forests. Post-colonial India inherited these frameworks, continuing forest conservation policies under acts like the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 and the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. However, the focus shifted from commercial use to ecological and biodiversity conservation, with legal frameworks designed to protect both wildlife and forest resources from exploitation.

    Both colonial and post-colonial governments shared concerns about pollution, introducing regulations like the Motor Vehicle Act of 1939 and later, the Air and Water Pollution Control Acts in independent India. Additionally, colonial and post-colonial governments both established protected areas for wildlife, with the Wildlife Protection Act of 1935 and later, the National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries under post-independence laws.

    Divergence from Colonial Policies

    Post-colonial India’s environmental policy notably diverged from the colonial approach in its treatment of local communities and economic development priorities. Unlike the British, who disregarded indigenous knowledge, post-colonial India began recognizing the role of local communities in conservation. This shift is evident in policies like the National Biodiversity Act of 2002, which promotes equitable sharing of benefits from the use of biological resources.

    Moreover, while colonial policies were primarily exploitative, independent India emphasized sustainable development, as evidenced by the Environmental Protection Act of 1986 and India’s active participation in international environmental agreements like the Paris Agreement of 2015. The focus on economic development often prioritized industrialization, but legal innovations like the National Green Tribunal in 2010 aimed at ensuring environmental justice, reflecting a growing awareness of the need for robust environmental governance.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, while post-colonial India retained aspects of the colonial environmental framework, such as forest conservation and pollution control, it took a distinctly different path by emphasizing sustainable development, community involvement, and international cooperation. However, challenges remain in the full implementation of environmental laws, requiring greater public participation and accountability to achieve lasting ecological sustainability.

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Adheesh Raman
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Adheesh RamanLearner
Asked: February 15, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition of River Water Disputes: Briefly explain river water disputes as conflicts between Indian states or regions over the allocation and use of water from shared rivers. Relevance to Post-Independence India: State how these disputes have shaped ...

upsc: post-independence india
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction River water disputes have been a critical issue in post-independent India, affecting the socio-political landscape and creating significant challenges. These conflicts primarily stem from the competition for limited water resources shared by multiple states, impacting politRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    River water disputes have been a critical issue in post-independent India, affecting the socio-political landscape and creating significant challenges. These conflicts primarily stem from the competition for limited water resources shared by multiple states, impacting political, economic, and environmental dimensions.

    Key Influences of River Water Disputes

    1. Inter-State Relations: River water disputes often create tensions between states, as they compete for water resources. These conflicts, such as the Cauvery dispute, strain inter-state relations, influencing federal dynamics and political powerplays.
    2. Legal Framework: The Inter-State River Water Disputes Act (1956) was enacted to address these conflicts, leading to the formation of specialized tribunals like the Cauvery and Krishna Water Disputes Tribunals. These legal measures aim to provide neutral, binding decisions on water-sharing.
    3. Economic Implications: River disputes, like the Sutlej-Yamuna Link Canal dispute, have severely affected agricultural productivity and irrigation systems. Such conflicts disrupt local economies, particularly in water-dependent sectors.
    4. Environmental Concerns: The over-exploitation of rivers, compounded by pollution, leads to ecological degradation. This includes reduced water quality and loss of biodiversity, as seen with the Ganga River‘s ongoing pollution crisis.

    Continuing Challenges

    1. Limited Water Availability: India’s uneven rainfall distribution and inadequate storage infrastructure contribute to water scarcity. By 2030, water demand is expected to exceed supply, heightening stress.
    2. Equitable Water Distribution: Disputes like those over the Cauvery and Krishna Rivers continue to exacerbate the issue of fair water distribution for agricultural and drinking purposes.
    3. Complex Legal and Political Processes: Prolonged legal battles delay the resolution of disputes, making cooperative solutions difficult.
    4. Environmental Impact: Overuse and pollution of river systems degrade ecosystems, impacting aquatic life and water quality.

    Potential Solutions

    1. Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM): IWRM practices ensure optimal allocation and promote water conservation techniques, such as efficient irrigation.
    2. Dialogue and Cooperation: Encouraging interstate dialogue and creating river basin boards can facilitate cooperative decision-making.
    3. Alternative Water Sources: Promoting rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, and wastewater recycling can alleviate pressure on river systems.

    Conclusion

    Addressing river water disputes through integrated management, cooperation, and sustainable practices is crucial for ensuring equitable water distribution and preserving India’s rivers.

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Rani Singh
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Rani SinghLearner
Asked: June 22, 2024In:
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The socio-cultural integration of India’s population was the founders of the Republic of India’s main priority, not the country’s economic growth. Talk about it. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: nation building after 1947
  1. Dinaria Shakeel
    Dinaria Shakeel Begginer

    The Indian subcontinent from its very inception has been home to an extensively diverse populace, however these people being diverse, were evidently divided along various religious, regional and linguistic lines. The founding fathers of the nation sought out the below listed measures to help protectRead more

    The Indian subcontinent from its very inception has been home to an extensively diverse populace, however these people being diverse, were evidently divided along various religious, regional and linguistic lines.
    The founding fathers of the nation sought out the below listed measures to help protect the nation from ethnic, religious or regional conflicts and hereby maintain it’s unity.

    1) To appease the diverse linguistic masses, no single language was given priority rather a group of 14 language were given the status of official language under the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution. (Currently 22 languages come under the 8th schedule)
    2)The founding fathers disregarded concentration of power at a singular level rather a federal structure was adopted to govern the country.
    3)To uplift the socio-economic minorities, reservations were instituted.
    4)Shared cultural elements such as the national symbol, the national anthem and the tricolour were encouraged and emphasised upon.
    5)To do away with regressive social practices, legal reforms were initiated (abolishment of untouchability, law against sati etc)

    Hence by using a gradual and flexible approach the monumental task of uniting a vastly diverse populations under a singular national identity was achieved.

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Manoj Singh
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Manoj SinghLearner
Asked: June 22, 2024In:
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Talk about the creation of cooperatives and how they helped India’s agriculture flourish after independence. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: nation building after 1947
  1. Abhinav Anand
    Abhinav Anand Begginer
    Discuss the evolution of cooperatives and their contribution to agricultural development in independent India.
Kamini g
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Kamini gLearner
Asked: June 24, 2024In:
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List the key components of the post-independence tribal policy. Talk about the reasons why tribal people have not advanced as quickly despite their best efforts. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: nation building after 1947
  1. Kunal Tiwari
    Kunal Tiwari Learner

    Post-independence, the task of integrating the tribal people into the mainstream was extremely complex. The debates on methods of integration revolved around two approaches. One was to leave the tribal people alone, untouched by modern influences and the second approach was that of assimilating themRead more

    Post-independence, the task of integrating the tribal people into the mainstream was extremely complex. The debates on methods of integration revolved around two approaches. One was to leave the tribal people alone, untouched by modern influences and the second approach was that of assimilating them into the Indian society. However, India adopted the policy of integrating the tribals based on the Nehruvian approach of tribal development based on the principle of self- empowerment.

    Salient features of tribal policy (Tribal Panchsheel) adopted after independence

    • Develop along their own genius: Tribals should develop along the lines of their own genius and there should be no imposition or compulsion from outside.
    • Tribal rights: Tribal rights on land and forests to be respected and no outsider to take possession of tribal lands. Further, the incursion of the market economy into tribal areas had to be strictly controlled and regulated. Local governance: For administration, responsibility should be placed on the tribal people themselves and administrators should be recruited from amongst them and trained.
    • Tribal policies: Tribal areas should not be over administered or overwhelmed with a multiplicity of schemes.
    • Emphasis on human growth: One should judge the results not by statistics but by quality of human character that is involved.

    Further, the Constitution also provided for the setting up of Tribal Advisory Councils in all states containing tribal areas to advise on matters concerning the welfare of the tribals. Also, several tribal- specific initiatives such as Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana, Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub Plan, Scheme for development of PVTGS, Forest Rights Act, 2006, scholarships for tribal students etc. have been implemented by the Government. Despite the constitutional safeguards and the efforts of the central and state governments, the tribals’ progress and welfare has been very slow, and even dismal to an extent. Reasons for slow progress of tribals

    • Administrative inefficiency: Often administrative personnel are ill-trained or even prejudiced against tribals. Further, sympathetic officials are also known to be quickly transferred out of tribal areas under the pressure of traders, moneylenders, forest contractors and land-grabbers.
    • Unfamiliarity with laws and legal system: Due to illiteracy and lack of awareness, many tribal communities remain in dark about the assistance laid down for them by the Government and their legal rights.
    • Lack of coordination: Lack of coordination among different agencies engaged in implementing tribal development schemes is one of the reasons for their underdevelopment.
    • Land Alienation and Displacement: After independence, emphasis on infrastructural development led to the displacement of tribals from their homeland for extracting mineral resources. They were forced to live in peripheries in slums or to migrate to adjoining states to work as unskilled workers in conditions of poverty.
    • Legal and Constitutional Issues: Forged and manipulated Gram Sabha resolutions, lack of consent before land acquisition and other grave issues still persist in the implementation of the PESA act.

    The constitutional and legislative safeguards should be implemented in letter and spirit protecting the land and forest rights of tribal communities. Further, the right to preservation of their language, culture and traditions, and to protect themselves against the loss of identity, must be recognized, protected and documented.

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