Modern India

Relations and Policy Changes The Indian Rebellion of 1857 created a watershed moment in the history of British rule in India, changing the nature of British Crown rule over Indian territories. The revolt revealed every fault of governance by the East India Company and helped to establish British control over India.

Effects on British-Indian relationships:

1. End of Control of the East India Company:
Passing under the Government of India Act (1858), which removed the East India Company, administrative authority was transferred right to the British Crown.
British sovereignty was officially recognized when Queen Victoria, the British monarch, became known as ‘Empress of India in 1876’.

2. Distributed Power:
In Britain, a Secretary of State for India was established to manage Indian affairs, with a body known as the India Council supporting him.
Representing the British Crown, the Governor-General of India was renamed the ‘Viceroy of India’.

significant developments in British policies toward India:

1. Administrative as well as military changes:
Rearranging the Army: British forces were more abundant and Indian soldiery in the army cut. Recruits from communities seen as “loyal,” including Sikhs and Gurkhas, were selectively chosen to be Indian troops.

2. Divide and Rule Tactic: By encouraging distinctions along religious and regional lines, the British sought to stop Indian peoples from uniting.

3. Indian Culture and Religion Policy of Noninterference:
As a means of lessening resentment, Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858 assured Indians religious freedom and non-interference in social customs.

More racial discrimination, considering Europe’s treatment of Gypsies across centuries.
British government gradually came to doubt Indians and laws kept reinforcing segregation and marginalizing Indian participation in government operations.

4. Princely Estates: Strengthened
Abandoned to gain the support of the princely states was the annexation plan of the *Doctrine of Lapse.* Many monarchs were promised security as long as they stayed close to Britain.

5. Financial exploitation on the rise:
India stayed in the British imperial economy providing raw materials and a market for British goods. Increasing worse for rural despair was the government’s heavy taxation and land revenue policies.

The British response to India after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 changed to one of direct control, bureaucratic overhaul, and a more conservative governmental strategy. The three conditions necessary for the preservation of their rule and the seeding of future nationalist movements were British security, economic exploitation, and social division at every level.