Modern History Events Before 1857
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Giving a brief overview of the three Carnatic Wars, discuss the factors that led to the success of the British against the French in the struggle for control over India.
The Carnatic Wars were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century (1746- 1763) between the French East India Company and the British East India Company. The British conquest in these wars ultimately established their dominance over other European nations in India. The First CarRead more
The Carnatic Wars were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century (1746- 1763) between the French East India Company and the British East India Company. The British conquest in these wars ultimately established their dominance over other European nations in India.
The reasons behind the success of the British and the failure of the French in India include:
Thus, the French spent resources in India for about 40 years but were not able to realize a French empire in India while the British succeeded in doing so.
See lessThe numerous uprisings in the pre-1857 period were an indication of the rising resentment against the British rule and their policies in India. Discuss.
The colonial law and judiciary safeguarded the interest of the government and its collaborators- landlords, merchants, and moneylenders. Thus, the people left with no options, chose to take up arms and defend themselves. Similarly, the conditions of the tribal people were not different, the encroachRead more
The colonial law and judiciary safeguarded the interest of the government and its collaborators- landlords, merchants, and moneylenders. Thus, the people left with no options, chose to take up arms and defend themselves. Similarly, the conditions of the tribal people were not different, the encroachment by outsiders into their independent tribal polity made them more aggrieved and violent.
Major civil uprisings before 1857 include:
Major tribal and religious uprisings before 1857 include:
The above-mentioned uprisings alongside growing discontent amongst sepoys finally culminated into the revolt of 1857. Hence, it was not an instantaneous event, rather an amalgamation of various factors that resented the ruthless colonial rule. All these mutinies remained local and were brutally crushed by the East India Company, often inflicting terrible violence. But the legacy of these revolts proved to be of immense significance later.
See lessGive a brief account of the contributions of social reformers in eradicating the social evils prevalentin 19th century India.
Answer: The conquest of India by the British during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, exposed some serious weaknesses and drawbacks of Indian social institutions. As a consequence, several individuals and movements sought to bring about changes in the social and religious practices in order tRead more
Answer: The conquest of India by the British during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, exposed some serious weaknesses and drawbacks of Indian social institutions. As a consequence, several individuals and movements sought to bring about changes in the social and religious practices in order to reform and revitalise the society. Accordingly, the 19th century witnessed a series of reform movements in various parts of the country by social reformers, which were oriented towards a re-structuring of the Indian society along modern lines, including:
Thus, what brought about the urge for reform was the need to rejuvenate the society and its institutions in the wake of colonial conquest. This aspect of the reform movement, however, introduced an element of revivalism, a tendency to harp on the Indian past and to defend Indian culture and civilization. However, despite the fact that some of these movements imparted a conservative and retrogressive character, they played an important role in awakening cultural consciousness and boosting the confidence of the people.
See lessEnumerate the reasons which led to the introduction of the Permanent Settlement system. Also, discuss its consequences.
Answer: The Permanent Settlement was a land revenue system introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Under this system, the company's share in the revenue was fixed permanently with the Zamindars who were made hereditary owners of the lands under their possession. Reasons beRead more
Answer: The Permanent Settlement was a land revenue system introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Under this system, the company’s share in the revenue was fixed permanently with the Zamindars who were made hereditary owners of the lands under their possession. Reasons behind introduction of the Permanent Settlement System:
However, the introduction of the permanent settlement system had far-reaching consequences:
Permanent settlement did more harm than good to Indian agriculture. It led to impoverishment of the peasantry and rural indebtedness and eventually became one of the contributing factors of agricultural crises including famines in and around Bengal.
See lessTrace the evolution of East India Company's relations with the British State from 1765 to 1833.
Answer: In the period of dual government i.e., 1765-1772, the Indian officials under the overall control of the British governor and British officials had 'responsibility but no power' while the company officials had 'power but no responsibility'. This presented problems of exploitation of powersRead more
Answer: In the period of dual government i.e., 1765-1772, the Indian officials under the overall control of the British governor and British officials had ‘responsibility but no power’ while the company officials had ‘power but no responsibility’. This presented problems of exploitation of powers & rampant corruption and also attracted the jealousy of other sections of British society, especially politicians and merchants who wanted to be a part of the huge profit being generated in India. The question of the nature of relations between the East India Company (EIC) and its possessions with the government in Britain was therefore subsequently settled through incremental acts & regulations, such as: Regulating Act, 1773:
Pitt’s India Act, 1784:
Charter Act, 1793:
Charter Act, 1813: The company’s rule was extended to another 20 years. However, their trade monopoly was ended except for the trade in tea, opium, and with China. Charter Act, 1813:
Thus, various acts of the Parliament completely subordinated the company and its Indian administration to the British Government. This allowed the British to create a new system of administration to serve their purposes.
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