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Modern History Events Before 1857

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Home/Modern India/Modern History Events Before 1857

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Aastha Kapoor
  • 2
Aastha KapoorBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 2

Evaluate the legacy of Tipu Sultan’s resistance to the British and its impact on the Indian independence movement.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Nandani Naina
    Nandani Naina Begginer

    Tipu Sultan's Resistance Against the British: Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore (now Karnataka) from 1782 to 1799, was a key figure in the Indian independence struggle against British colonial rule. He is considered one of the most important leaders in Indian history, and his resistance against the BRead more

    Tipu Sultan’s Resistance Against the British:

    Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore (now Karnataka) from 1782 to 1799, was a key figure in the Indian independence struggle against British colonial rule. He is considered one of the most important leaders in Indian history, and his resistance against the British had a significant impact on the Indian independence movement.

    Contribution to the Indian Independence Struggle:

    1. Resistance Against British Expansion: Tipu Sultan’s resistance against the British helped to slow down their expansion into India, giving other Indian kingdoms and princely states time to prepare for their own struggles against British colonial rule.
    2. Inspiring Other Indian Kings: Tipu Sultan’s bravery and military prowess inspired other Indian kings, such as Hyder Ali and Bhagvat Singh, to resist British colonial rule.
    3. Development of Modern Indian Army: Tipu Sultan’s military innovations, such as the use of rockets, cannons, and modern artillery, helped to develop the modern Indian army.
    4. Nationalist Movement: Tipu Sultan’s resistance against the British helped to create a sense of national identity and unity among Indians, which contributed to the growth of the nationalist movement.

    Legacy in the Indian Independence Struggle:

    1. Inspiration for Freedom Fighters: Tipu Sultan’s resistance against the British inspired many freedom fighters, including Mahatma Gandhi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Jawaharlal Nehru.
    2. Nationalist Symbol: Tipu Sultan became a symbol of national pride and a unifying figure for Indians, who saw him as a champion of Indian independence and self-governance.
    3. Indian National Congress: The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, was inspired by Tipu Sultan’s resistance against the British and sought to continue his struggle for Indian independence.
    4. Anti-Colonial Movement: Tipu Sultan’s resistance against the British helped to galvanize the anti-colonial movement in India, which eventually led to India’s independence in 1947.

    Key Points:

    • Tipu Sultan’s Resistance was a Significant Event: Tipu Sultan’s resistance against the British was a significant event in Indian history that had a lasting impact on the Indian independence struggle.
    • Legacy of Nationalism: Tipu Sultan’s legacy is one of nationalism and resistance against colonial rule, which continues to inspire Indians to this day.
    • Influence on Indian Nationalism: Tipu Sultan’s resistance had a profound impact on Indian nationalism, shaping the course of Indian history and inspiring future generations of freedom fighters.
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Manisha Kumari
  • 2
Manisha KumariLearner
Asked: July 13, 2024In: ,
  • 2

Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement.

modern indian history
  1. Shahid Mongam
    Shahid Mongam Begginer

    Mahatma Gandhi’s constructive programs during the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement were crucial components of his broader strategy to achieve Indian self-rule (Swaraj). These programs were designed to empower the Indian populace through self-reliance and social reform. BelowRead more

    Mahatma Gandhi’s constructive programs during the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement were crucial components of his broader strategy to achieve Indian self-rule (Swaraj). These programs were designed to empower the Indian populace through self-reliance and social reform. Below is a detailed account of these initiatives, structured in a new way and with modified language:

    Constructive Programs During the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

    1. Promotion of Swadeshi and Khadi:
    – Khadi Advocacy: Gandhi championed the use of khadi (hand-spun and hand-woven cloth) as a symbol of economic independence. By encouraging people to spin and weave their own cloth, he aimed to boycott British textiles and foster self-reliance.
    – Boycotting Foreign Goods: Indians were urged to reject British-made products in favor of indigenous ones, promoting local industries and reducing dependency on British imports.

    2. National Education Initiatives:
    – Establishment of Indian Institutions: To reduce reliance on British educational institutions, national schools and colleges, such as the Gujarat Vidyapith, were founded. These institutions aimed to provide an education grounded in Indian culture and values.

    3. Fostering Hindu-Muslim Unity:
    – Support for the Khilafat Movement: By aligning with the Khilafat Movement, Gandhi sought to bridge the gap between Hindu and Muslim communities, creating a united front against British rule.

    4. Abolition of Untouchability:
    – Social Equality Efforts: Gandhi actively campaigned against untouchability, advocating for the integration of Dalits (whom he referred to as Harijans) into mainstream society.

    5. Non-Violent Resistance and Boycotts:
    – Peaceful Non-Cooperation: The movement encouraged non-violent protests, boycotts of British institutions and courts, and the return of honorary titles and government positions.

     Constructive Programs During the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)

    1. The Salt March (Dandi March):
    – Challenging Salt Laws: Gandhi’s 1930 march to Dandi to produce salt from seawater was a direct challenge to the British monopoly on salt production, symbolizing broader resistance to colonial rule.

    2. Village Upliftment and Self-Sufficiency:
    – Grama Swaraj: Gandhi promoted self-sufficient village communities, encouraging local governance, agricultural development, and the revival of cottage industries to achieve economic independence.

    3. Encouraging Women’s Participation:
    – Active Involvement: Women were encouraged to take part in the movement, engaging in protests, picketing, and promoting the use of khadi.

    4. Educational Reforms:
    – Nai Talim (Basic Education): Gandhi’s educational philosophy emphasized learning through productive work, integrating crafts, manual labor, and practical skills into the curriculum.

    5. Health and Hygiene Initiatives:
    – Sanitation Campaigns: Programs focused on improving sanitation, hygiene, and public health in rural areas, addressing issues like clean drinking water, proper waste disposal, and disease eradication.

    6. Prohibition Campaign:
    – Anti-Alcohol Movement: Gandhi advocated for the prohibition of alcohol to combat social issues related to alcoholism and redirect resources towards constructive purposes.

    7. Economic Self-Reliance:
    – Promotion of Cottage Industries: Encouragement of small-scale industries aimed at reducing reliance on British goods and fostering local economic development.

    8. Social Reforms:
    –Eradicating Social Evils: Gandhi continued his efforts to eliminate untouchability, promote communal harmony, and support the rights and education of women and marginalized communities.

     

    Conclusion

    Gandhi’s constructive programs were integral to his philosophy of non-violent resistance, aiming to not only challenge British rule but also transform Indian society from within. By promoting self-reliance, social justice, and communal harmony, these initiatives laid the groundwork for a free and equitable India.

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Manisha Kumari
  • 2
Manisha KumariLearner
Asked: July 13, 2024In:
  • 2

Why was there a sudden spurt in famines in colonial India since the mid-eighteenth century? Give reasons.

modern indian history
  1. Rashi Kasana
    Rashi Kasana Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    [caption id="attachment_68808" align="aligncenter" width="300"] Famine during colonial era[/caption] There was a sudden surge in famines during colonial rule, mainly in the mid-eighteenth century. That was not the first time India saw famines, but colonial rule and its exploitative policies made conRead more

    Famine during colonial era

    There was a sudden surge in famines during colonial rule, mainly in the mid-eighteenth century. That was not the first time India saw famines, but colonial rule and its exploitative policies made conditions worse for the people of India, resulting in an uncountable number of deaths.

     

    There were several reasons why famines saw a sudden spurt during colonial rule.

     

    1. Colonial policies that were exploitive in nature, like the heavy taxes, and policies like the permanent settlement, which hurt farmers.

     

    2. The farming methods of the people were not modern, and farmers had to depend on one cash crop that could fulfil the British tax requirement.

     

    3. British trade policies like heavy taxes on Indian goods and exporting all raw materials outside resulted in the destruction of local markets and the handicrafts industry, leaving people with no money to survive during famine-like situations. And when they started exporting food grains outside the country, there was no food left for people to have during famines.

     

    4. Under colonial rule, no arrangements were made to prepare for famines, which made the condition worse when famine hit.

     

    5. Natural calamities like drought and flood made the situation of farmers worse as they didn’t have any modern irrigation techniques and, in this situation, had to pay taxes to Britishers, which made the farmers starve to death.

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Disha Srivastava
  • 1
Disha SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine the circumstances that contributed to the foundation of the Indian National Congress, as well as its early emphasis on self-government.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Nandani Naina
    Nandani Naina Begginer

    The Formation of the Indian National Congress: The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 in Bombay (now Mumbai) by a group of Indian intellectuals and British administrators who were concerned about the growing discontent among Indians towards British colonial rule. The Congress was initiallyRead more

    The Formation of the Indian National Congress:

    The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 in Bombay (now Mumbai) by a group of Indian intellectuals and British administrators who were concerned about the growing discontent among Indians towards British colonial rule. The Congress was initially conceived as a platform to promote unity and cooperation among Indians, as well as to present their grievances to the British government.

    Key Factors that Led to the Formation:

    1. The Ilbert Bill Controversy: The Ilbert Bill, which aimed to give Indian judges the power to try British subjects in India, sparked widespread protests and boycotts among Indians. This led to a growing sense of discontent and frustration among Indians, which ultimately contributed to the formation of the Congress.
    2. The Rise of Nationalist Sentiment: The mid-19th century saw a growing nationalist sentiment in India, with many Indians seeking greater autonomy and self-governance from British colonial rule.
    3. The Role of British Administrators: British administrators such as Lord Ripon, who served as the Viceroy of India from 1880 to 1884, played a significant role in promoting the idea of self-governance and encouraging Indian participation in the government.
    4. The Influence of Western Education: Western education, which had been introduced by the British in India, had a profound impact on Indian society. Many Indians who had received Western education became increasingly aware of their rights and began to demand greater autonomy and self-governance.

    Early Focus on Achieving Self-Governance:

    1. The First Session: The first session of the Indian National Congress, held in 1885, focused on the issue of self-governance and the need for greater Indian participation in the government.
    2. The Demand for Representation: The Congress demanded greater representation for Indians in the British Parliament and greater autonomy for Indians in the governance of India.
    3. The Use of Constitutional Methods: The Congress opted for constitutional methods, such as petitions, protests, and boycotts, rather than violent revolution or armed resistance.
    4. The Role of Leaders: Leaders such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, and Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee played a significant role in shaping the early focus of the Congress on achieving self-governance.

    Key Points:

    • The Formation of the Indian National Congress was a Response to Growing Discontent: The formation of the Indian National Congress was a response to growing discontent among Indians towards British colonial rule.
    • The Early Focus on Self-Governance was a Key Aspect: The early focus on achieving self-governance was a key aspect of the Congress’s formation and its early years.
    • Constitutional Methods were Preferred: The Congress preferred constitutional methods, such as petitions, protests, and boycotts, rather than violent revolution or armed resistance.
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Disha Srivastava
  • 1
Disha SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine the influence of social and religious reform movements, such as the Bengal Renaissance, on the intellectual landscape of nineteenth-century India.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Nandani Naina
    Nandani Naina Begginer

    The Bengal Renaissance and the Intellectual Landscape of 19th-century India The Bengal Renaissance: The Bengal Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Bengal, India. It was characterized by a renewed interest in Indian culture, lRead more

    The Bengal Renaissance and the Intellectual Landscape of 19th-century India

    The Bengal Renaissance:

    The Bengal Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Bengal, India. It was characterized by a renewed interest in Indian culture, language, and philosophy, as well as a desire to modernize and Westernize Indian society.

    Key Figures:

    1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy: A pioneer of the Bengal Renaissance, Roy was a key figure in the Hindu reform movement and the establishment of the Brahmo Samaj.
    2. Isaac Milton: A Christian missionary and scholar, Milton was instrumental in translating Indian texts into English and promoting Western education in India.
    3. Henry Derozio: A Portuguese-Indian scholar and educator, Derozio was a key figure in the establishment of the Hindu College and the promotion of Western education in India.

    Key Movements:

    1. Hindu Reform Movement: The Hindu Reform Movement aimed to modernize and Westernize Indian society, while also promoting a more liberal and tolerant interpretation of Hinduism.
    2. Brahmo Samaj: Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the Brahmo Samaj was a religious movement that aimed to reform Hinduism and promote a more rational and scientific approach to spirituality.
    3. Christian Missionaries: Christian missionaries played a significant role in promoting Western education and values in India, while also converting many Indians to Christianity.

    Impact on Intellectual Landscape:

    1. Promotion of Education: The Bengal Renaissance led to the establishment of educational institutions, such as the Hindu College, which promoted Western education and values in India.
    2. Promotion of Indian Culture: The Bengal Renaissance also led to a renewed interest in Indian culture, language, and philosophy, which helped to preserve Indian cultural heritage.
    3. Fusion of Eastern and Western Thought: The Bengal Renaissance saw the fusion of Eastern and Western thought, with Indian scholars incorporating Western ideas and methods into their own work.
    4. Development of Modern Indian Literature: The Bengal Renaissance also saw the development of modern Indian literature, with writers such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Rabindranath Tagore making significant contributions.
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Disha Srivastava
  • 1
Disha SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Assess the Permanent Settlement system’s impact on the agrarian structure, as well as its role in the formation of a new landed gentry.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Mehak Mehara
    Mehak Mehara Begginer

    The Permanent Settlement System: A Legacy of Colonialism Definition: The Permanent Settlement system was a colonial-era policy introduced by the British East India Company in 1793 to reform the revenue administration of the Bengal region. The system aimed to stabilize the revenue system, promote agrRead more

    The Permanent Settlement System: A Legacy of Colonialism

    Definition: The Permanent Settlement system was a colonial-era policy introduced by the British East India Company in 1793 to reform the revenue administration of the Bengal region. The system aimed to stabilize the revenue system, promote agriculture, and reduce British interference in local governance.

    Impact on Agrarian Structure:

    • Tenant-Proprietor Relationship: The Permanent Settlement system created a new relationship between tenants and proprietors, where tenants became liable to pay a fixed amount of rent to the landlords, regardless of crop yields or market conditions.
    • Agricultural Productivity: The system’s emphasis on fixed rents and stable landholdings encouraged long-term investments in agriculture, leading to increased productivity and efficiency.
    • Land Concentration: The Permanent Settlement system facilitated the concentration of land ownership among the existing landlord class, as they were able to consolidate their holdings and expand their control over the land.

    Role in Emergence of a New Landed Gentry:

    • Creation of a New Class: The Permanent Settlement system created a new class of landed gentry, comprising wealthy landlords who controlled large tracts of land and exploited their tenants.
    • Economic Power: The landlords’ economic power was further solidified by their control over the revenue collection process, which enabled them to accumulate wealth and influence.
    • Social Hierarchy: The Permanent Settlement system reinforced the existing social hierarchy, with the landlords occupying the top echelons and the peasants and artisans forming the lower strata.

    Recent Examples:

    • Farmers’ Agitations: The ongoing farmer’s agitations in India, particularly in states like Punjab and Haryana, highlight the ongoing struggles faced by farmers and agricultural workers due to the legacy of the Permanent Settlement system.
    • Land Acquisition Disputes: Recent disputes over land acquisition for infrastructure projects, such as highways and industrial corridors, have revealed ongoing tensions between landowners and governments over issues related to compensation and rehabilitation.

    Key Points:

    • Colonial Legacy: The Permanent Settlement system was a colonial legacy that continues to shape India’s agrarian structure and social hierarchy.
    • Concentration of Power: The system’s emphasis on land concentration and the creation of a new class of landed gentry has led to the concentration of power and wealth among a select few.
    • Social Justice: The ongoing struggles faced by farmers and agricultural workers highlight the need for social justice and equitable policies to address the legacy of colonialism.
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