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Freedom Movement

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Home/Modern India/Freedom Movement/Page 4

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Kailash Nath
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Kailash NathBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
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Talk about how the Indian National Congress influenced the early nationalist movement and how its political goal changed over time.

upsc: growth nationalism india (1858-1905)
  1. Hareem Khan
    Hareem Khan Begginer

    The Indian National Congress (INC) played a crucial role in shaping the early nationalist movement in India. Founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, a British civil servant, the INC was initially an elite, liberal, and constitutionalist organization that sought to address Indian grievances within the frameworRead more

    The Indian National Congress (INC) played a crucial role in shaping the early nationalist movement in India. Founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, a British civil servant, the INC was initially an elite, liberal, and constitutionalist organization that sought to address Indian grievances within the framework of British colonial rule. Over time, the INC evolved to become a more radical and democratic force, playing a key role in shaping India’s nationalist movement and its political agenda.

    Early Years (1885-1905):

    1. Constitutional reforms: The INC focused on advocating for constitutional reforms to expand Indian participation in governance and reduce British control.
    2. Moderate nationalism: The organization’s leaders, such as Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, were moderate nationalists who believed in working within the British system to achieve Indian rights and interests.
    3. Economic grievances: The INC highlighted Indian economic grievances, such as high land revenue, taxation, and exploitation of Indian resources.

    Split and Radicalization (1905-1917):

    1. Swadeshi Movement: The INC’s response to the partition of Bengal (1905) led to the Swadeshi Movement, which emphasized self-reliance and boycott of British goods.
    2. Extremism: The INC’s radicalization was fueled by the rise of extremist leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bhikaji Cama, who advocated for more militant and direct action.
    3. Home Rule: The INC launched a Home Rule movement, demanding greater autonomy and self-governance for India.

    Gandhi’s Leadership (1917-1947):

    1. Non-cooperation: Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership led to the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), which called for non-violent resistance against British rule.
    2. Salt March: The Salt March (1930) and subsequent civil disobedience movements further emphasized non-violent resistance and civil disobedience.
    3. Quit India Movement: In 1942, Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement, which demanded immediate independence from British rule.

    Evolving Political Agenda:

    1. From constitutionalism to revolution: The INC’s political agenda evolved from advocating for constitutional reforms to demanding independence from British rule.
    2. From elite to mass mobilization: The organization expanded its reach beyond the elite to mobilize the masses through non-violent resistance and civil disobedience.
    3. From economic grievances to full-fledged independence: The INC’s focus shifted from addressing economic grievances to demanding full independence for India.
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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 10, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Introduce Lord Curzon and his tenure as Viceroy of India (1899-1905). State the significance of his policies in shaping India’s political landscape and their implications for the national movement. Fact to Use: Curzon served as Viceroy from 1899 to ...

upsc: growth nationalism india (1858-1905)
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Lord Curzon served as the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, implementing various policies that significantly influenced India’s socio-political landscape. His tenure is often viewed as a catalyst for the burgeoning national movement. Key Policies and Their Implications EdRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Lord Curzon served as the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, implementing various policies that significantly influenced India’s socio-political landscape. His tenure is often viewed as a catalyst for the burgeoning national movement.

    Key Policies and Their Implications

    Education Policy

    The Universities Act of 1904 aimed to reform the Indian education system, but it faced widespread resistance. Many Indians perceived this policy as an attempt to limit intellectual growth and aspirations for self-governance. The discontent it generated fueled nationalist sentiments, ultimately contributing to the rise of the national movement (Source: Indian National Congress records).

    Partition of Bengal

    The partition of Bengal in 1905 was a critical event that galvanized various nationalist groups. It intensified the efforts of the Indian National Congress and other organizations for self-rule, leading to the reunification of Bengal in 1911. This action created a strong sense of unity among diverse groups in India against colonial rule (Source: Historical analyses of the Bengal partition).

    Foreign Policies

    Curzon’s foreign policies, particularly regarding Afghanistan and Tibet, aimed to consolidate British power in Central Asia. His Afghan Policy sought to counter Russian expansion, ensuring British influence through financial aid to Afghanistan. Similarly, his efforts to re-establish trade with Tibet were driven by strategic concerns over Russian dominance in the region (Source: British Foreign Office archives).

    Military and Cultural Policies

    Curzon’s efforts to modernize the Indian Army and discriminate against Indian officers fostered discontent within the military ranks. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), while aimed at preserving cultural heritage, was also a means for the British to control India’s cultural narrative. Both policies heightened nationalist sentiments, as Indians sought greater representation and control over their heritage (Source: ASI reports).

    Conclusion

    Lord Curzon’s policies, particularly in education, military, and cultural spheres, significantly heightened Indian nationalism and the desire for self-governance. The repercussions of his tenure were felt in the years following, leading to increased revolutionary activities and the emergence of influential leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, who would play pivotal roles in India’s struggle for independence.

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TeamSupreme
Asked: September 10, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Introduce the ‘Moderates’ as a faction within the Indian nationalist movement during the late nineteenth century. Briefly state their ideology centered on political reforms within British rule. Mention the failure to gain widespread conviction by the end of the ...

upsc: growth nationalism india (1858-1905)
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The 'Moderates' were a significant faction within the Indian nationalist movement during the late nineteenth century, advocating for political reforms within the British colonial framework. However, by the end of the century, they struggled to garner widespread support forRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The ‘Moderates’ were a significant faction within the Indian nationalist movement during the late nineteenth century, advocating for political reforms within the British colonial framework. However, by the end of the century, they struggled to garner widespread support for their ideology and political goals.

    Limited Objectives

    One of the primary reasons for the Moderates’ failure was their limited objectives. They aimed for reforms rather than complete independence, which made their goals less appealing to many Indians seeking total freedom from British rule. This cautious approach failed to resonate with a population increasingly frustrated with colonial oppression.

    Constitutional Methods

    The Moderates embraced constitutional methods and peaceful agitation, employing petitions, memorandums, and speeches to achieve their goals. However, this approach was perceived as weak and ineffective by many Indians who desired more direct and assertive actions against British rule. The belief that reform could be achieved through dialogue was seen as naïve, especially in the face of mounting repression.

    Lack of Mass Support

    The Moderate leadership primarily consisted of educated urban elites, lacking deep connections with the rural majority of India. This disconnect hindered their ability to mobilize support across diverse social strata, limiting their appeal and effectiveness.

    Economic Issues

    The Moderates also failed to adequately address the dire economic hardships faced by the Indian populace, such as widespread poverty and exploitative economic policies. Their focus on political reforms overlooked the immediate socio-economic concerns of many Indians, further alienating potential supporters.

    Rise of Extremism

    The emergence of leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai, who advocated for more aggressive measures to achieve independence, resonated with a disillusioned populace. This shift towards extremism indicated a growing impatience with the Moderates’ approach.

    Conclusion

    Ultimately, the Moderates’ inability to connect with the aspirations of the majority of Indians—who sought more radical and assertive means to achieve independence—led to their failure to carry conviction. Their approach was perceived as ineffective and out of touch, paving the way for more militant factions within the nationalist movement.

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Rupal Chovhan
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Rupal ChovhanBegginer
Asked: September 25, 2024In: , ,
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what were the contributions of extremists in the indian independence movement?
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert
    This answer was edited.

    India's struggle for freedom spanned decades with nationalist movements, non violent protests and armed rebellions, ultimately leading to independence from British rule on August 15, 1947. Overview -  Early nationalist movements (1885-1905) saw the emergence of Indian National Congress (INC) led byRead more

    India’s struggle for freedom spanned decades with nationalist movements, non violent protests and armed rebellions, ultimately leading to independence from British rule on August 15, 1947.

    Overview – 

    1. Early nationalist movements (1885-1905) saw the emergence of Indian National Congress (INC) led by Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who advocated for Indian rights and self rule.
    2. The Non Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) led by Mahatma Gandhi involved boycotting British goods, law courts and institutions with events like the Chauri Chaura incident.
    3. The Salt March (1930) was a 24 day walk led by Mahatma Gandhi from Ahmedabad to Dandi, protesting the British salt tax, defying colonial laws.
    4. The Quit India Movement (1942) led by Mahatma Gandhi demanded immediate independence, sparking widespread protests, strikes and arrests with slogans like “Do or Die” echoing nationwide.
    5. The Indian Independence Act (1947) was passed by the British Parliament, granting India independence with Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister on August 15, 1947.

     

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Adheesh Raman
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Adheesh RamanLearner
Asked: January 4, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing: 1. Introduction (Brief Overview of the Revolt of 1857) Context: Begin by briefly mentioning the Revolt of 1857, its causes, and its significance. Explain that it marked a major turning point in British colonial history in India. Link to ...

upsc: growth nationalism india (1858-1905)
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The Revolt of 1857 led to significant changes in the British administration and army in India, reflecting the British government's response to the rebellion and its efforts to maintain control. Changes in the Administration Transfer of Power: The Government of India Act, 1858, marked thRead more

    Model Answer

    The Revolt of 1857 led to significant changes in the British administration and army in India, reflecting the British government’s response to the rebellion and its efforts to maintain control.

    Changes in the Administration

    1. Transfer of Power:
      The Government of India Act, 1858, marked the transfer of power from the East India Company to the British Crown. Queen Victoria was declared the sovereign of British India, and the administration was now to be overseen by a Secretary of State for India, supported by a Council. The Governor-General of India, now titled Viceroy, continued to administer the country (source: Government of India Act, 1858).
    2. Provincial Administration:
      The Indian Councils Act of 1861 brought decentralisation to the provincial level. It established Legislative Councils in major provinces like Bombay, Madras, and Bengal, which helped distribute authority across local governments (source: Indian Councils Act, 1861).
    3. Local Bodies and Public Services:
      Following the financial strains of the revolt, the British promoted local governance through Municipalities and District Boards. Additionally, the Indian Civil Service, previously an exclusive British institution, was opened to Indians, allowing them to take competitive exams for administrative posts (source: administrative reforms after 1857).

    Changes in the Army

    1. Increased Role of Europeans:
      To prevent future uprisings, the British restructured the army, increasing the proportion of European soldiers. European troops were placed in key military positions, especially in artillery, tanks, and armoured corps, which were kept under European control (source: army reorganisation after 1857).
    2. Divide and Rule:
      The British adopted a “divide and rule” strategy in recruiting Indian soldiers, focusing on caste, religion, and regional differences to prevent unity among the Indian troops. They introduced caste-based regiments and communal companies, ensuring the army remained divided and loyal to British interests (source: army recruitment policies post-1857).

    These reforms made the British rule more autocratic, suppressing Indian aspirations for power-sharing. Ultimately, this approach contributed to the rise of modern nationalism among the educated Indian middle class.

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Adheesh Raman
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Adheesh RamanLearner
Asked: January 4, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Briefly introduce Lord Ripon and his tenure as the Viceroy of India (1880-1884). Mention the context of India during his rule (famine, regressive policies, and discontent). Social Reforms Factories Act of 1881: Explain how this Act aimed to improve labor ...

upsc: growth nationalism india (1858-1905)
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Lord Ripon as a Progressive Viceroy of India Lord Ripon, who served as the Viceroy of India from 1880 to 1884, is widely regarded as one of the most progressive British rulers in India due to his reforms that spanned social, economic, and political spheres. His tenure was marked by a reRead more

    Model Answer

    Lord Ripon as a Progressive Viceroy of India

    Lord Ripon, who served as the Viceroy of India from 1880 to 1884, is widely regarded as one of the most progressive British rulers in India due to his reforms that spanned social, economic, and political spheres. His tenure was marked by a response to the challenges faced by India, such as widespread famine, regressive taxation, and growing anti-imperialist sentiment. His actions aimed to improve the lives of Indians and address the grievances of the time.

    Key Reforms Initiated by Lord Ripon

    1. First Factories Act (1881): Lord Ripon passed the First Factories Act, a significant step toward improving labor conditions in India. The Act prohibited the employment of children under seven years and limited the working hours for children under 12 years. It also mandated breaks and monthly holidays for factory workers, improving their quality of life.
    2. Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882): The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 had severely restricted the freedom of the press, especially in vernacular languages, to prevent criticism of British policies. Ripon repealed this act, ensuring that the Indian press could function freely, fostering greater political awareness among the Indian population.
    3. Economic Decentralization: Ripon promoted financial decentralization, creating a more balanced distribution of revenue sources between the imperial and provincial governments. This allowed provinces greater control over their finances, laying the foundation for future fiscal autonomy.
    4. Introduction of Local Self-Government (1882): The Resolution of 1882 initiated by Lord Ripon aimed at establishing elected local councils across India, empowering local communities to manage their affairs. This reform helped build the groundwork for self-governance in India.
    5. The Ilbert Bill (1883): The Ilbert Bill sought to remove racial discrimination from the Indian Penal Code, allowing Indian judges to try British criminals in criminal cases. Though it faced strong opposition, Ripon’s support of the bill marked a stand against racial prejudices in the colonial judicial system.
    6. Educational and Land Reforms: Lord Ripon focused on improving education in India, emphasizing the need for expanded primary education. Additionally, he addressed the grievances of peasants through the Rent Commission and worked towards passing the Bengal Tenancy Act.

    Due to these efforts, Lord Ripon is remembered as a compassionate and progressive Viceroy who worked towards the welfare of Indians and the reform of India’s administrative system. His policies laid the groundwork for future self-governance and a more inclusive approach to governance.

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Anita Ratnam
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Anita RatnamLearner
Asked: January 27, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context: Brief overview of Indian nationalism and its connection to the anti-colonial movement. Thesis Statement: Highlight that Indian nationalism developed as a reaction to various colonial policies imposed by the British. 2. Key Factors Contributing to the Development ...

upsc: growth nationalism india (1858-1905)
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Indian nationalism emerged as a powerful reaction against British colonial policies, deeply intertwined with the anti-colonial movement. The shared experience of oppression under colonial rule fostered a sense of unity among diverse groups in India. Emergence of Indian NatiRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Indian nationalism emerged as a powerful reaction against British colonial policies, deeply intertwined with the anti-colonial movement. The shared experience of oppression under colonial rule fostered a sense of unity among diverse groups in India.

    Emergence of Indian Nationalism

    1. Segregation and Discrimination

    British policies of segregation sparked widespread opposition.

    • Fact: Lytton’s policies, such as lowering the age limit for the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination from 21 to 19 in 1876 and the Vernacular Press Act (1878), fueled resentment.
    • Fact: The Illbert Bill controversy aimed to eliminate racial inequality in the judiciary but faced strong opposition from British residents, highlighting racial antagonism where Englishmen deemed themselves superior.

    2. Political and Administrative Divide

    The Partition of Bengal in 1905, orchestrated by Viceroy Lord Curzon, intensified nationalist sentiments.

    • Fact: This partition aimed to divide and rule by creating religious divisions, but it instead united various communities against colonial policies.

    3. Technological Unification

    The British introduced railways and telegraphs primarily for military logistics.

    • Fact: However, these developments facilitated greater communication and connected political leaders and the masses, fostering a sense of national identity.

    4. Legal Unification

    The establishment of a unified judiciary and codified laws created a new dimension of political unity.

    • Fact: This legal framework linked diverse regions and cultures, enhancing the sense of a unified nation.

    5. Western Thought and Education

    The introduction of modern education allowed the assimilation of Western ideas.

    • Fact: Knowledge of English empowered nationalist leaders to communicate across linguistic barriers, promoting a collective national identity.

    6. Rise of the Middle Class Intelligentsia

    British economic policies led to the emergence of a new urban middle class.

    • Fact: This class, educated and politically aware, became the backbone of the Indian National Congress, driving the nationalist movement.

    Other Influential Factors

    • Contemporary Movements: The successes of liberation movements in South America and Europe inspired Indian nationalists.
    • Role of the Press: The growth of Indian-owned newspapers critiqued colonial policies and promoted unity.
    • Rediscovery of India’s Past: Scholars like Max Müller and Swami Vivekananda reshaped narratives, instilling pride in India’s heritage.
    • Socio-Religious Reform Movements: Organizations like the Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj fostered national pride.

    Conclusion

    Indian nationalism was not solely a product of colonial policies; it arose as a complex interplay of reactions to these policies and broader socio-political movements. The emergence of a unified national identity was shaped by both the oppressive nature of colonial rule and the diverse responses it provoked across India.

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Anita Ratnam
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Anita RatnamLearner
Asked: January 27, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context: Briefly introduce Lord Curzon’s tenure as Viceroy of India (1899-1905) and the significance of his policies. Thesis Statement: Highlight that Curzon’s policies, while intended to suppress nationalism, had lasting implications that ultimately strengthened the national movement. 2. ...

upsc: growth nationalism india (1858-1905)
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Lord Curzon served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, and his tenure was marked by significant and controversial policies that had enduring effects on the Indian national movement. These policies inadvertently strengthened nationalist sentiments, catalyzing the push forRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Lord Curzon served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, and his tenure was marked by significant and controversial policies that had enduring effects on the Indian national movement. These policies inadvertently strengthened nationalist sentiments, catalyzing the push for independence.

    Key Policies and Their Implications

    1. Partition of Bengal (1905)

    The partition of Bengal along communal lines was perceived as a “divide and rule” strategy aimed at weakening nationalism.

    • Fact: This move incited widespread opposition, leading to the Swadeshi movement, which promoted the boycott of British goods and spurred revolutionary activities under leaders like Aurobindo Ghosh.
    • Implication: Although annulled in 1911, the partition became a rallying point for the national movement.

    2. Universities Act (1904)

    This act placed major universities under increased government control, ostensibly to improve standards.

    • Fact: Nationalists viewed it as an attempt to suppress anti-colonial sentiments among students, resulting in protests that alienated educated classes from the British.
    • Implication: It contributed to a growing political consciousness among students.

    3. Official Secrets Act (1904)

    The Act imposed severe restrictions on press freedom, targeting writings deemed seditious.

    • Fact: This angered journalists and political activists, further stifling dissent.
    • Implication: It galvanized opposition against colonial censorship and repression.

    4. Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904)

    This act gave the government authority over India’s cultural heritage, seen as an appropriation of Indian identity.

    • Fact: It sparked resentment among nationalists who viewed it as cultural control.
    • Implication: This fostered a renewed interest in India’s heritage and history as symbols of national pride.

    5. Infrastructure and Modernization

    Curzon initiated various infrastructure projects, including the formation of a railway commission.

    • Fact: While intended to serve British interests, these projects inadvertently connected Indian society more closely.
    • Implication: Enhanced communication facilitated political mobilization and awareness.

    6. Calcutta Corporation Act (1899)

    This act reduced elected representatives in the Calcutta Corporation, limiting Indian self-governance.

    • Fact: The reduction led to the resignation of 28 members in protest.
    • Implication: It highlighted discontent with British governance and bolstered demands for greater representation.

    7. Attitude Towards Princely States

    Curzon aimed to maintain the autonomy of princely states, which hindered political unification efforts.

    • Fact: This approach slowed cohesive nationalist movements among various regions.
    • Implication: It ultimately fostered resistance against colonial rule.

    Conclusion

    Lord Curzon’s policies, intended to curb nationalism, ironically became catalysts for its growth. His tenure marked a significant shift from moderate to assertive nationalism, uniting diverse groups against colonial rule and setting the stage for the Indian freedom struggle.

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Adheesh Raman
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Adheesh RamanLearner
Asked: February 15, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the Indian National Congress (INC) and its formation in 1885. State that the first two decades of the INC’s existence (1885-1905) were marked by the moderate phase, where the focus was on constitutional reforms and ...

upsc: growth of nationalism in india (1858-1905)
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Indian National Congress (INC), established in 1885, played a pivotal role in shaping India’s socio-political landscape during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The moderate phase of the Congress (1885-1905) was characterized by constitutionalism and gradual reforRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Indian National Congress (INC), established in 1885, played a pivotal role in shaping India’s socio-political landscape during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The moderate phase of the Congress (1885-1905) was characterized by constitutionalism and gradual reforms. The leaders of this period, such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and others, aimed to achieve self-governance through peaceful means within the British colonial framework.

    Role of INC’s Ideals and Programme in Shaping Socio-Political Landscape

    • Moderation and Constitutionalism: The INC’s early approach was based on working within the British legal framework to bring gradual reforms. Leaders like Naoroji and Gokhale advocated for reform rather than rebellion, aiming to achieve self-rule through constitutional means.
    • Strengthening Political Consciousness: The INC helped raise political awareness and consciousness among the Indian masses. Through discussions, debates, and resolutions, it educated people about political issues, which in turn mobilized them to actively engage in the political process.
    • Political Representation: The INC demanded increased political representation for Indians in administrative bodies. This call for greater Indian participation in decision-making processes, especially through reforms such as the Indian Councils Act of 1892, played a significant role in shaping India’s political landscape.
    • Nationalism and Unity: By uniting people across regional, linguistic, and religious lines, the INC fostered a sense of nationalism. Its leadership emphasized the importance of national unity in the face of British colonial rule.
    • Mobilization of Public Opinion: The INC held public meetings and disseminated literature to create a broader public understanding of political issues, helping to expand the nationalist movement.

    Official Response

    • Initial Recognition: The British government initially saw the INC as a moderate platform for political engagement. The INC’s constitutional methods were seen as a way for Indians to express concerns within British rule.
    • Reforms in Response to INC Demands: The Indian Councils Act of 1892 and the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 were attempts to address some of the INC’s demands, allowing Indians more involvement in legislative bodies.
    • Repression and Divide-and-Rule: As the INC became more assertive in demanding reforms, the British government increasingly suppressed it through arrests, censorship, and the manipulation of religious and regional divides within India.
    • Distrust and Alienation: Over time, the British viewed the INC with growing suspicion, especially as it gained popular support and started advocating for self-rule, which threatened British colonial dominance.

    Conclusion

    The ideals and programs of the Indian National Congress had a significant impact on India’s political landscape, uniting the masses and fostering national consciousness. While the early years of the INC saw a moderate approach, the British response was a mixture of engagement, reform, and repression. This period laid the foundation for future, more radical movements in the Indian struggle for independence.

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Shivam tiwari
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Shivam tiwariLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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The popular mass character of the Swadeshi movement was short-lived by mid-1908.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Sandeep Kumar Singh
    Sandeep Kumar Singh Begginer

    The period of Swadeshi movement, which began in 1905 amidst partition of Bengal and lasted for several years, was an important part of India's fight for independence. The objective was to avoid British products and encourage the use of Indian goods to develop a self-sufficient economy. The SwadeshiRead more

    The period of Swadeshi movement, which began in 1905 amidst partition of Bengal and lasted for several years, was an important part of India’s fight for independence. The objective was to avoid British products and encourage the use of Indian goods to develop a self-sufficient economy.

    The Swadeshi movement lost momentum due to severe government repression, as the British government used brutal force to suppress the protests. The authorities apprehended numerous officials, placed limits on public assemblies, and passed legislation to quash nationalist efforts.

    The Swadeshi movement suffered from poor organisation and lack of discipline. The absence of strong leadership in the movement resulted in inconsistencies in direction, causing confusion among the population. There was a division within Nationalist ranks as the Swadeshi movement split into two groups – the Moderates and the Extremists. The Moderates supported peaceful demonstrations and step-by-step changes, while the Extremists pushed for more extreme actions, such as violent demonstrations. The division hindered the effectiveness of the movement, which the British government exploited.

    Limited support among the masses: The Swadeshi movement had a narrow social base. The movement received its main support from the middle class and intellectuals, with little participation from the peasants, workers, and rural residents.

    Crusade without a leader: The movement did not have a charismatic leader to motivate and bring together the people. The movement struggled to maintain its momentum as it lacked a leader, causing it to eventually lose its appeal.

    Students were removed from public schools and colleges during prohibited public gatherings and processions. The media was placed under strict regulations. Police used it for dispersing public gatherings and assemblies.
    During the Surat session in 1907, the Congress divided, causing additional harm to the Swadeshi movement.

    The leaders of the movement, such as Ashwini Kumar Dutt, Krishna Kumar Mitra, Lokmanya Tilak, Ajit Singh, Lajpat Rai, Chidambaram Pillai, were swiftly targeted by the government, resulting in the movement becoming leaderless. Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh stepped down from politics together.

    However, it is important to note that no mass movement can maintain a constant pace indefinitely without breaks, especially when encountering strong opposition, and this applies to the Swadeshi and boycott movements as well.

     

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