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International Relations

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Home/International Relations/Page 9

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 21, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Purpose: Briefly introduce the topic, emphasizing the significance of India’s engagement with Africa. Thesis Statement: State that while there are substantial benefits to this engagement, there are also notable challenges that need to be examined. 2. Body A. Pros ...

upsc: bilateral relations
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    Model Answer Introduction India’s growing interest in Africa has been marked by increased economic, strategic, and cultural engagements. While this presents significant opportunities, it also raises concerns about potential negative consequences. Pros of India’s Increasing Interest in Africa EnergyRead more

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    Introduction

    India’s growing interest in Africa has been marked by increased economic, strategic, and cultural engagements. While this presents significant opportunities, it also raises concerns about potential negative consequences.

    Pros of India’s Increasing Interest in Africa

    Energy Security

    India’s engagement with Africa is largely driven by its need for energy security. Africa is a major source of oil and gas, crucial for meeting India’s increasing energy demands. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), India’s oil consumption is expected to rise significantly, making African oil sources vital for energy stability (IEA, 2021).

    Access to Natural Resources

    Africa is rich in critical natural resources, including minerals and agricultural products. For example, India imports approximately 50% of its diamonds from Africa, highlighting the importance of these resources for India’s economy (The Economic Times, 2020). Such engagement can ensure sustainable access and foster economic growth.

    New Market Opportunities

    India’s presence in Africa can diversify its export markets, reducing dependence on traditional Western markets. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) aims to create a unified market of 1.3 billion people, providing significant opportunities for Indian businesses (African Union, 2021). This engagement promotes regional integration and economic collaboration.

    Cons of India’s Increasing Interest in Africa

    Economic Dependence

    Increased engagement can lead to economic dependence, limiting India’s decision-making autonomy. This dependence could expose India to political instability risks in African nations, potentially affecting its investments and strategic interests (The Hindu, 2022).

    Political Challenges

    Africa’s political landscape is complex, with issues such as ethnic conflicts and weak governance. India’s involvement may entangle it in these challenges, adversely impacting its economic and strategic priorities (Council on Foreign Relations, 2021).

    Competition with China

    India faces significant competition from China, which has made aggressive investments in Africa. This rivalry could limit India’s access to vital resources and markets, posing strategic challenges (Brookings Institution, 2020).

    Conclusion

    India’s increasing interest in Africa offers substantial opportunities for trade and cultural exchange but also raises concerns about resource exploitation and political instability. A balanced approach is essential to ensure that engagements are mutually beneficial and sustainable.

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Asked: August 21, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define SAARC and its purpose. Briefly mention the impact of India-Pakistan tensions on the effectiveness of SAARC. 2. Increasing Cross-Border Terrorism Discuss specific incidents of cross-border terrorism, such as: The Uri attack in 2016, where militants crossed the Line of ...

upsc: regional & global groupings & agreements
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    Model Answer Introduction The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), established in 1985, has faced significant limitations in its effectiveness due to persistent tensions and disagreements between India and Pakistan. Over the past few years, SAARC has been largely inactive, primaRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), established in 1985, has faced significant limitations in its effectiveness due to persistent tensions and disagreements between India and Pakistan. Over the past few years, SAARC has been largely inactive, primarily due to friction between the two countries. This article explores the consequences of this situation and the importance of engaging Pakistan to address the economic and security challenges faced by SAARC member nations.

    Friction between India and Pakistan

    The attack on an Indian Army camp in Uri by militants crossing the Line of Control in India-administered Kashmir heightened tensions between India and Pakistan. Following this incident, the Indian government condemned Pakistan and sought to isolate Islamabad on the international stage. India’s decision to withdraw from the 19th SAARC Summit in Islamabad in 2016 was a clear indication of its stance against Pakistan’s involvement in regional cooperation .

    SAARC Minus Pakistan

    India’s withdrawal from the SAARC summit aimed to convey a strong message in the aftermath of the Uri attack and to pursue an alternative approach called “SAARC minus Pakistan.” This approach suggests that addressing South Asian challenges without Pakistan’s involvement might be more feasible due to the civil-military dissonance in Pakistan’s policy towards India. Additionally, Pakistan’s obstruction of economic integration by blocking connectivity initiatives has impeded progress within SAARC .

    Impediments to Economic Integration

    Pakistan’s policies have stalled important agreements on trade liberalization, cross-border trade in energy, and road connectivity. These actions have not only hindered regional economic cooperation but also led to the formation of sub-regional frameworks such as the BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal) cooperation, which excludes Pakistan. India has increasingly turned towards alternative regional organizations like BIMSTEC, as evidenced during the BIMSTEC summit held alongside the BRICS Summit.

    Security Challenges and Regional Cooperation

    Pakistan’s role in using terrorism as a tool of state policy has posed significant security challenges in the region. Being strategically positioned between South Asia and Central Asia, Pakistan plays a crucial role in intra- and inter-regional trade and commerce. Effectively addressing security concerns and achieving regional cooperation within SAARC necessitates the involvement of Pakistan in the framework .

    Conclusion

    Tensions and disagreements between India and Pakistan have hampered SAARC’s effectiveness. However, it is crucial to engage Pakistan to overcome the economic and security challenges faced by South Asian nations. Pakistan’s central geographic location and its influence on trade and commerce make it essential to include the country within the SAARC framework for regional cooperation. By promoting dialogue and understanding between India and Pakistan, SAARC can regain its purpose and work towards fostering peace, stability, and prosperity in the region.

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Asked: August 21, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the WTO and its fundamental goals regarding global trade management and promotion. Introduce the Doha Round, emphasizing its significance in the context of globalization. 2. Background of the Doha Round Briefly describe the inception of the Doha Round ...

upsc: important international institutions
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    Model Answer India's Perspective on the Doha Round Negotiations The Doha Round of negotiations, initiated in 2001, aimed to enhance global trade liberalization, particularly benefiting developing nations. However, India has taken a firm stance against the inclusion of new issues, such as labor and eRead more

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    India’s Perspective on the Doha Round Negotiations

    The Doha Round of negotiations, initiated in 2001, aimed to enhance global trade liberalization, particularly benefiting developing nations. However, India has taken a firm stance against the inclusion of new issues, such as labor and environmental standards, within the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework. This position is rooted in several key concerns.

    Significance of the Doha Round

    India emphasizes that the Nairobi declaration did not reaffirm the Doha Round’s mandate, which is crucial for fostering global trade liberalization. The country insists on resolving outstanding issues from the Doha Round, such as the Special Safeguard Mechanism and public stockholding for food security, before engaging in discussions on non-trade matters.

    Environmental and Labor Issues

    India argues that environmental and labor issues should be addressed by specialized global bodies like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the International Labour Organization (ILO). Incorporating these issues into the WTO could lead to developed nations imposing their higher standards as non-tariff barriers, adversely affecting exports from developing countries.

    Impact on Developing Nations

    The inclusion of new issues in the WTO agenda poses significant challenges for developing nations. Wealthy countries could leverage these standards to impose restrictions, exacerbating economic disparities and hindering trade for poorer nations. India is particularly concerned that this could negatively impact its agricultural exports, which are vital for its economy.

    Resolution of Outstanding Issues

    India stresses the need to prioritize the resolution of existing issues before introducing new topics. This includes addressing the needs of poor farmers and ensuring food security through public stockholding measures.

    Criteria for Introducing New Issues

    India proposes that any new issues should meet two criteria: they must be relevant to trade, and there must be a consensus among all WTO members. This approach aims to ensure fair and inclusive decision-making within the WTO.

    Conclusion

    India’s efforts to prevent the introduction of new issues in the WTO reflect its commitment to safeguarding the interests of developing nations. By forming alliances with other developing countries and equipping trade law experts to represent their interests, India aims to promote fair and balanced trade policies that foster inclusive global economic growth.

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Asked: August 21, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context: Briefly discuss the historical ties between India and South-East Asia, highlighting the significance of the Indian diaspora. Thesis Statement: State that the Indian diaspora has significantly contributed to the economy and society of South-East Asian countries. 2. ...

upsc: indian diaspora
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    Model Answer Introduction The Indian diaspora has played a significant role in the economy and society of South-East Asian countries, building on a long history of cultural and economic ties that date back to the Chola period. With India’s trade with South-East Asia accounting for approximately 10.2Read more

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    Introduction

    The Indian diaspora has played a significant role in the economy and society of South-East Asian countries, building on a long history of cultural and economic ties that date back to the Chola period. With India’s trade with South-East Asia accounting for approximately 10.2% of all Indian trade, the region holds substantial economic and strategic importance for India.

    Economic Contribution

    The Indian diaspora has made notable contributions to the economic development of South-East Asia. Many Indian entrepreneurs have established successful businesses, creating job opportunities and stimulating growth. For instance, the Tata Group, one of India’s largest conglomerates, has invested heavily in the region, particularly in industries such as automotive, steel, and hospitality. This investment not only boosts local economies but also fosters bilateral trade relations.

    Cultural Exchange

    Cultural exchange between India and South-East Asia has been significantly influenced by the Indian diaspora. Indian culture has permeated various aspects of South-East Asian societies, leading to a unique fusion. Notable examples include adaptations of Indian epics, such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata, into local forms like the Thai Ramakien and the Javanese Ramayana, showcasing the deep cultural ties .

    Philanthropic Activities

    The Indian diaspora is also actively involved in philanthropic efforts across South-East Asia. Indian charities and foundations contribute to healthcare, education, and social services. For example, TATA Trusts have collaborated with the Thai government to enhance healthcare services in rural communities, demonstrating the diaspora’s commitment to social development.

    Political Influence

    Politically, the Indian diaspora has made a significant impact in South-East Asian countries. Many individuals of Indian origin have held prominent positions in government, influencing policy decisions. A notable example is S. Jayakumar, who served as Singapore’s Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, highlighting the political clout of the Indian community.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, the Indian diaspora has been instrumental in the economic and social development of South-East Asian countries. Their contributions have strengthened ties between India and these nations, facilitating trade and cultural exchange. As India continues to expand its global influence, the role of the Indian diaspora in South-East Asia is expected to grow even more critical.

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Reena Bhatt
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Reena BhattBegginer
Asked: August 20, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context: Briefly introduce ECOSOC as a principal organ of the United Nations. Thesis Statement: State that ECOSOC plays a vital role in promoting economic and social cooperation and has several functional commissions that support its objectives. 2. Main ...

upsc: important international institutions
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    Model Answer Introduction The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is a principal organ of the UN, essential for promoting international economic and social cooperation. It facilitates coordination among various UN bodies, specialized agencies, and other international organizations. MRead more

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    Introduction

    The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is a principal organ of the UN, essential for promoting international economic and social cooperation. It facilitates coordination among various UN bodies, specialized agencies, and other international organizations.

    Main Functions of ECOSOC

    1. Coordination

    ECOSOC serves as a platform for coordinating economic and social development policies. It fosters dialogue and collaboration among UN agencies and international organizations to achieve global development goals.

    2. Policy Formulation

    The council develops policies and guidelines for economic and social development. Through research and analysis, it addresses global development issues, informing effective policymaking.

    3. Standard-Setting

    ECOSOC sets international standards on a variety of economic, social, and environmental issues. It promotes global policies and practices aimed at sustainable development.

    4. Financing for Development

    The council coordinates and promotes global financing for development, mobilizing resources through partnerships with governments, international financial institutions, and the private sector.

    Functional Commissions Attached to ECOSOC

    1. Commission on Population and Development

    This commission focuses on population policies and their implications for economic and social development, reviewing and recommending policies related to population growth and migration.

    2. Commission on Science and Technology for Development

    It emphasizes the role of science and technology in development, promoting policies that advance these fields and support technology transfer to developing countries.

    3. Commission on Sustainable Development

    This commission is dedicated to promoting sustainable development globally, addressing environmental challenges such as climate change and ecosystem management.

    4. Commission on Narcotic Drugs

    Focused on drug control, this commission develops strategies to combat drug trafficking, abuse, and addiction through comprehensive policies.

    Conclusion

    ECOSOC is vital for fostering international economic and social cooperation. Its various commissions, including those on population, science and technology, sustainable development, and narcotic drugs, address critical issues related to global development. Through its efforts, ECOSOC contributes significantly to achieving the UN’s sustainable development goals.

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Reena Bhatt
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Reena BhattBegginer
Asked: August 20, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context: Introduce the significance of China’s economic rise and its implications for military power in Asia. Thesis Statement: State that China’s economic relations and trade surplus are being utilized to enhance its military capabilities, which poses challenges ...

upsc: important current events
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    Model Answer Introduction China's rapid ascent as an economic and military superpower has profound implications for India, its neighboring rival. By leveraging economic relations and a positive trade surplus, China is enhancing its military capabilities in Asia through initiatives like the Belt andRead more

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    Introduction

    China’s rapid ascent as an economic and military superpower has profound implications for India, its neighboring rival. By leveraging economic relations and a positive trade surplus, China is enhancing its military capabilities in Asia through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).

    Impact of China’s Rise on India

    1. Direct Military Threat

    China’s military expansion and aggressive posture, particularly regarding border disputes, pose a direct threat to India’s national security. The Doklam standoff in 2017 serves as a notable example of China’s assertive military strategies, raising alarms about India’s territorial integrity and defense preparedness.

    2. Influence in Multilateral Forums

    China’s increasing dominance in multilateral institutions such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) can undermine India’s interests. For instance, China’s ability to influence resolutions and policies may limit India’s capacity to promote its strategic agenda, thereby affecting its standing in global affairs.

    3. Economic Cooperation with Pakistan

    China’s burgeoning economic partnership with Pakistan, particularly through CPEC, is perceived as an effort to curtail India’s influence in the region. By enhancing Pakistan’s infrastructure and connectivity, China not only strengthens its ally but also seeks to diminish India’s regional power, potentially leading to increased military collaboration between the two nations.

    4. Influence in South Asia

    China’s extensive investments in infrastructure across South Asian nations like Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh have diluted India’s traditional influence in the region. These initiatives allow China to expand its geopolitical reach, often at India’s expense, complicating India’s diplomatic efforts and strategic positioning.

    Conclusion

    China’s rise as an economic and military powerhouse presents significant challenges for India. Its aggressive policies and military developments, alongside strategic partnerships in the region, create a considerable security threat, compelling India to adopt proactive measures to protect its national interests.

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Asked: August 20, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Objective: Introduce the significance of the US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy and its relevance to India. Key Points to Mention: Brief overview of the US-Iran nuclear deal (JCPOA) and its implications. Importance of the issue for India’s national interests. 2. Body A. ...

upsc: important current events
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    Model Answer The ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy has significant implications for India's national interests, necessitating a careful and strategic response. Impact on India's National Interests Energy Security: India relies heavily on Iranian oil to meet its energy needs. The US sanctionsRead more

    Model Answer

    The ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy has significant implications for India’s national interests, necessitating a careful and strategic response.

    Impact on India’s National Interests

    1. Energy Security: India relies heavily on Iranian oil to meet its energy needs. The US sanctions on Iran have already impacted India’s access to this crucial energy source, and further escalation in the controversy could exacerbate these challenges, potentially leading to increased oil prices and supply disruptions.
    2. Chabahar Port Development: India has invested significantly in the Chabahar Port project in Iran, which is vital for accessing Afghanistan and Central Asia. The US sanctions have already slowed down the development of this strategic port, and any intensification of the US-Iran tensions could further delay its completion, undermining India’s strategic objectives in the region.
    3. Regional Stability: A military confrontation between the US and Iran could destabilize the entire Middle East, posing security risks for India. India has consistently advocated for peaceful conflict resolution, and any escalation could threaten its interests in maintaining regional stability.
    4. Diplomatic Balancing Act: India has maintained a delicate balance in its relationships with both the US and Iran. The current situation requires India to navigate its diplomatic ties carefully to avoid alienating either party, which is crucial for its broader foreign policy goals.

    India’s Response

    1. Diplomatic Engagement: India should actively engage with both the US and Iran to advocate for a peaceful resolution to the controversy, ensuring that its national interests are not compromised.
    2. Exploring Alternative Energy Sources: To reduce dependence on Iranian oil, India should diversify its energy imports and invest in domestic energy production, including renewable sources.
    3. Strengthening Regional Cooperation: India should enhance its cooperation with other regional players and engage with countries like China and Russia to foster a collaborative approach towards stability in the region.

    Conclusion

    The US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy poses significant challenges for India, impacting its energy security, strategic projects, and regional stability. A measured and diplomatic response is essential for safeguarding India’s national interests.

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Asked: August 20, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Briefly introduce the WTO and its purpose. Mention the current context of trade wars and the challenges faced by the WTO. Current Issues in the WTO Discuss the loss of utility of the WTO for major economies like the US ...

upsc: important international institutions
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    Model Answer Introduction The ongoing trade wars, particularly between major economies like the US and China, have exposed vulnerabilities within the World Trade Organization (WTO). Established in 1995, the WTO aims to facilitate and liberalize international trade. However, its current structure reqRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The ongoing trade wars, particularly between major economies like the US and China, have exposed vulnerabilities within the World Trade Organization (WTO). Established in 1995, the WTO aims to facilitate and liberalize international trade. However, its current structure requires significant reforms to ensure its survival and relevance, particularly concerning the interests of India.

    Current Issues in the WTO

    Loss of Utility

    The WTO has increasingly lost its utility for key players like the US and the EU, prompting calls for reforms to realign its functions with their priorities.

    Inadequate Response to China

    The organization has struggled to effectively address China’s tariff manipulation. This inadequacy has led the US and the EU to explore alternative trade frameworks outside WTO regulations.

    Neglected Obligations

    Major economies often neglect their WTO commitments, such as reducing agricultural subsidies, while pushing for new rules favoring their own sectors, particularly in e-commerce.

    Reforms Needed

    Fulfilling Agreed-upon Issues

    India, alongside other member nations, emphasizes the necessity of adhering to existing commitments, especially in agriculture, before introducing new priorities.

    Addressing Major Economies’ Concerns

    Reforms should focus on addressing the concerns of the US and EU to restore their confidence in the WTO, encouraging their active participation.

    Balancing Obligations

    The WTO must balance old commitments with new areas like e-commerce, ensuring inclusivity and fairness for all member countries.

    Strengthening Enforcement Mechanisms

    Enhancing enforcement mechanisms is crucial to ensure compliance with WTO rules and address instances of non-compliance effectively.

    Promoting Development and Equity

    Reforms should prioritize the needs of developing countries, ensuring special and differential treatment to foster their participation and benefits from global trade.

    Conclusion

    As a significant member of the WTO, India has a vested interest in advocating for systemic reforms in key areas, including dispute resolution and trade facilitation, to ensure that the WTO remains functional and beneficial for all its members, particularly developing nations.

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Asked: August 20, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Objective: Introduce the significance of Central Asia in the context of India’s foreign policy and the presence of outside powers. Key Points to Mention: Importance of Central Asia for India. Overview of the Ashgabat Agreement and its purpose. 2. Body A. ...

upsc: important current events
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    Model Answer India's accession to the Ashgabat Agreement in 2018 is a strategic move that holds significant implications for its foreign policy in Central Asia, a region increasingly influenced by external powers such as Russia, China, and the United States. Countering China’s Influence China's BeltRead more

    Model Answer

    India’s accession to the Ashgabat Agreement in 2018 is a strategic move that holds significant implications for its foreign policy in Central Asia, a region increasingly influenced by external powers such as Russia, China, and the United States.

    Countering China’s Influence

    China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has established a strong presence in Central Asia, which poses a challenge to India’s interests. By joining the Ashgabat Agreement, India can counterbalance China’s influence and assert its role in the region, promoting a multipolar balance of power.

    Enhanced Connectivity

    The Ashgabat Agreement aims to improve connectivity among member countries, facilitating trade and commerce. This enhanced connectivity is crucial for India as it opens new trade routes to Central Asia, allowing for increased economic engagement and cooperation.

    Access to Energy Resources

    Central Asia is rich in natural resources, particularly oil and gas. India’s participation in the Ashgabat Agreement could provide better access to these vital energy resources, which are essential for meeting India’s growing energy demands.

    Strategic Importance

    The geographical location of Central Asia, situated between Europe and Asia, makes it strategically significant. India’s involvement in the region through the Ashgabat Agreement can help counterbalance the influence of Russia and China, reinforcing India’s strategic interests.

    Strengthening Ties with Member Countries

    The agreement includes key Central Asian nations such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. By engaging with these countries, India can strengthen bilateral ties, fostering cooperation in various sectors including trade, security, and cultural exchanges.

    Challenging Pakistan’s Influence

    Historically, Pakistan has maintained close ties with Central Asian countries. India’s entry into the Ashgabat Agreement could challenge this influence, allowing India to establish stronger connections in the region and promote its own interests.

    Conclusion

    India’s accession to the Ashgabat Agreement is a significant step towards enhancing its connectivity and economic ties with Central Asia, countering China’s influence, and strengthening its geopolitical position in a region of growing importance.

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Asked: August 20, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Objective: Briefly introduce the topic, emphasizing the significance of India-Israel relations. Key Points to Mention: Establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992. Evolution of the relationship into a multidimensional partnership. Mention the recent de-hyphenation of Israel and Palestine policies. A. Defense and ...

upsc: bilateral relations
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    Model Answer Introduction India-Israel relations exemplify realism in foreign policy. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992, the partnership has rapidly expanded, covering diverse areas such as defense, homeland security, agriculture, water management, and education. A significant turniRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    India-Israel relations exemplify realism in foreign policy. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992, the partnership has rapidly expanded, covering diverse areas such as defense, homeland security, agriculture, water management, and education. A significant turning point in this relationship is the recent de-hyphenation of Israel and Palestine policies, allowing India to engage more freely with Israel.

    Defense and Security Cooperation

    The foundation of India-Israel relations is built on robust defense and security collaboration. This partnership has been particularly crucial in counter-terrorism, intelligence sharing, and military training. For instance, in 2017, India signed a significant $2 billion deal with Israel for advanced missile defense systems, enhancing India’s capacity to address cross-border threats.

    Agricultural Cooperation

    Agricultural collaboration stands out as another pillar of this partnership. India has integrated several Israeli agricultural technologies, notably drip irrigation, to boost productivity. The Indo-Israel Agriculture Project in Haryana exemplifies this cooperation, where farmers have seen increased crop yields and improved incomes through the adoption of innovative practices.

    Economic Cooperation

    Economic ties between India and Israel have also deepened, with both nations ranking among each other’s top trading partners. The launch of a joint innovation fund in 2020 highlights their commitment to fostering start-ups and promoting investment, signaling a growing economic synergy.

    Cultural Exchanges

    Cultural exchanges have flourished, further strengthening the bilateral relationship. Indian films filmed in Israel and performances by Israeli artists in India have fostered people-to-people connections, enriching cultural ties.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, India’s relations with Israel have indeed acquired a depth and diversity that cannot be rolled back. The strategic partnership has evolved into a multidimensional relationship grounded in mutual interests and shared values, positioning both countries for future collaboration.

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