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Relationship between India and China
India and China have established considerable economic dependence on one another; however, this dependence is unequal with a extremely large trade deficit in India’s favor. Below is the analysis of the same. Important Contributing Factors to the Imbalance in Trade: Asymmetric Trade: India is exportiRead more
India and China have established considerable economic dependence on one another; however, this dependence is unequal with a extremely large trade deficit in India’s favor. Below is the analysis of the same.
Important Contributing Factors to the Imbalance in Trade:
Asymmetric Trade: India is exporting only raw material, and agricultural products to China and importing a wide range of hs code products from China. This acts to provide a massive boost towards the realization of the deficits because the flow of trade is not evenly balanced.
-Strong Chinese Manufacturing Sector: India finds China’s manufacturing base strengthened by its government and large enough to offer inexpensive production of the goods hence attractive to India consumers.
-Limited Access for Indian Exports: There are other forms of hurdles, which includeNon-tariff barriers;Tough quality requirements;Restricted entry for some sectors of India into China.
-Dependence on Import from China: An increasing number of Industries from India rely on the import of all intermediate products and parts from China, which in turn means that India relies on its northern neighbour.
Measures to Reduce the Trade Deficit:
Trade Promotion
Promotion of Exports
Diversification: Promote diversification of export products towards higher value added products including pharmaceutical, IT services and Engineering goods to china.
\end{enumerate}-Market Access: Notably establish a better access to the Indian products in the market in China under bilateral understanding as well as Notes and dismantling of the non-tariff barriers.
-Quality Upgrade: Indian product would gain increased quality and effectiveness vis à vis the Chinese standards and consumer demand.
Increased Domestic Manufacturing:
“Make in India”: Reduce imports from China by additional home production with the help of measures like “Make in India”.
-Support Domestic Industries: Encourage and support the domestic industries needed to become competitive so as to cut their reliance on Chinese products.
Trade Policy Initiatives:
-Anti-dumping Duties: Impose anti-dumping duties on Chinese imports that are priced lower than the fair price to safeguard the domestic industries.
-Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers: Apply calibrated trade restrictions that may help balance the trade interests with the protection of domestic industries.
-Regional Trade Agreements: Seek ways to enhance regional trade integration through agreements like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) to enhance market access for Indian goods in other Asian markets.
It is worth noting that:
The reduction of the trade deficit with China would require a multi-pronged approach and would take time to bear fruit.
-It is very essential to maintain a balanced approach that encourages economic cooperation while simultaneously redressing the issues of trade imbalances and national security.
The current geopolitical tensions between India and China add another dimension to the economic relationship.
By combining these measures, India can work towards reducing its trade deficit with China, increasing its economic competitiveness, and creating a more balanced and mutually beneficial trade relationship.
See lessNational security
Ajit Doval has been the NSA of India since 2014 and has introduced new dynamics to the national security structure of the country and an aggressive approach that is workable in new threats. Here's how that impact looks: 1. Active Approach National Security Policy - Change to Offensive Defense: ThisRead more
Ajit Doval has been the NSA of India since 2014 and has introduced new dynamics to the national security structure of the country and an aggressive approach that is workable in new threats. Here’s how that impact looks:
1. Active Approach National Security Policy
– Change to Offensive Defense: This falls under the pro-active strategy where Doval, presents change in defence policies to an aggressive strategy seen in:
– Surgical Strikes (2016): The Uri terrorist attack forced India to establish that it could strike back across borders.
– Balakot Airstrikes (2019): Is represented a new approach of countering cross–border terrorism by conducting operations on the territory of Pakistan and targeting terror camps.
2. Revitalizing Hekmat va Dief Sadegiat
– Revamping the coordination of intelligence:
The former IB officer was able to bring efficiency to the functioning of intelligence sharing between agencies.
Organisation transformation in directions of enhancing and leveraging actionable intelligence in countering threats, more focused in J&K and Northeast regions.
– Anti-Terror Operations: All these operations are headed by Doval and have crippled terror funding networks and improved capacities to counter terrorism.
3. Administratively restructuring of Jammu & Kashmir
– Abrogation of Article 370 (2019): In the strategic and security aspect of the decision he played a critical role, which meant that the actual execution was not accompanied by a lot of violence.
– Post-Absolution Stability: We were more interested in preserving the letters of the law as well as preventing infiltration and radicalization within the region.
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4. External Internal security environment and systematic strategic partnership
Border Dispute Management:
In Doklam standoff (2017) and Galwan valley incident (2020), Doval through his diplomatic and strategic approach resolved the situation with China.
Enhancing the hardness and effectiveness of fencing and allied systems at the LAC.
Global Partnership Building
Enhanced strategic cooperation with the US, Quad countries, and the Gulf partners in particular Counter-terrorism as well as Maritime security
It was influential in India’s engagement’s within the region including with concepts such as the Indo-Pacific Strategy.
5. Cyber and Technology Push
-Digital Security Framework: Cyber-security was recognized as a critical pillar of national security. Efforts were made to safeguard Indian critical infrastructure from cyber threats.
– Indigenization of Defence Technology: Recommended attaining self-reliance in defense production so that it does not become a import-dependent industry.
6. Countering Hybrid Warfare
-Hybrid Threats: The Doval-led approach is on issues of economic coercion, fake news campaigns, and cyber attacks of adversaries.
-South Asia Cyber Policy: Is focusing on countering fake news and propaganda against the Indian socio-political fabric through cyber technology.
7. Multidimensional Internal Security Approach
See lessInsurgency Management: This is very instrumental in the solution of insurgency in the Northeast, notably in the Naga peace process.
Urban Security: Also, the preparedness on urban terrorism has improved to become coordinated with central forces as well as state forces.
Conclusion
The strategic leadership by Ajit Doval has transformed the national security paradigm in India from a reactive approach to a proactive and multi-dimensional framework. Through his integration of traditional and emerging security challenges into a comprehensive strategy, Doval has strengthened India’s defenses and made it a resilient and assertive global power. His tenure epitomizes the blend of tactical acumen, strategic foresight, and robust execution in shaping India’s security architecture for contemporary challenges.
How effective has India's "Neighborhood First" policy been in practice?
The Indian foreign policy “Neighborhood First” policy indeed has had a mixed verdict in terms of success. Successes: Increased Engagement: The policy has fostered a diplomatic relations and dialogue with the neighboring countries. Development Cooperation: India has substantially enhanced aid to neigRead more
The Indian foreign policy “Neighborhood First” policy indeed has had a mixed verdict in terms of success.
Successes:
Increased Engagement: The policy has fostered a diplomatic relations and dialogue with the neighboring countries.
Development Cooperation: India has substantially enhanced aid to neighboring countries through existing initiatives like Line of Credit programme, which has enhanced goodwill and economic relation.
Connectivity Projects: Connectivity and regional integration projects include; BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement and the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project.
Challenges:
Geopolitical Rivalry: Another challenge which has often come as a result of China’s rising as one of the most influential powers in the region has been the rise of the latter in South Asia.
-Internal Problems: Internal political problem of the nation and regional problems like the issue of Kashmir with Pakistan and issue of Teesta river with Bangladesh have been a bar for it.
-Varying Success: It has been an intervention that has been used with an unpredictable rate of effectiveness in different parts of the world. Although some of the countries it has maintained friendly relations with them, some of them are like Pakistan and Bangladesh.
General Conclusion:
The policy of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s administration in foreign policy called “Neighborhood First” have been rather helpful in the course of seen improvement in the relation of India with its neighbors. However, Piao and Zha claim that several factors hinder the realisation of this policy’s objectives and these include geopolitical rivalry, internal issues and the nature of relations between China and partner countries differ.
Key Takeaways
Besides the policy requires a more subtle and elastic approach when managing the peculiarities of bilateral relations and prospects.
The only way that such a policy will sustain itself in the long run is by enhancing confidence and trust among neighbors.
See lessRegional problems and challenges have to be solved with all members involved in search of adequate solution for the farther cooperation in the long term.
geopolitical dynamics
Geopolitical dynamics play a significant role in India's engagements with its neighbors: -Pakistan: The problem of Afghan opium production and the influence of warlords is the most prominent geopolitical issue. It generates conflict and impedes collaboration and becomes mostly a focal point of bilatRead more
Geopolitical dynamics play a significant role in India’s engagements with its neighbors:
-Pakistan: The problem of Afghan opium production and the influence of warlords is the most prominent geopolitical issue. It generates conflict and impedes collaboration and becomes mostly a focal point of bilateral relations. However, there is a new problem in the regional structure of relations: cooperation between Pakistan and China.
-Bangladesh: River water sharing specially Ganges, Brahmaputra are one of the most critical point of discussion between them. Another important factor is power transition which refers to the rise of China as the dominant economic and political power in the region affecting Bangladeshi foreign policy.
Nepal: The rising economic and political power of India alongside the rising strategic partnership between the US and India has made Nepal anxious about its political self-rule.
-Sri Lanka: Until recent years, India has had several interactions with Sri Lanka because of its apprehensions regarding the rising sphere of influence of China in Sri Lanka. India also desires stability of Sri Lanka that there should not be any public instability transferring security in its country.
-Bhutan: Relations between India and Bhutan are quite special and friendly, and the two countries are said to be having a special kind of relationship. Nevertheless, factors like China flexing it muscles in the region, and China’s territorial claims over some parts of Bhutan have emerged.
Key Geopolitical Factors:
-China rise: India’s relations with neighbours have dependant extensively on china’s advance economy and defense machinery. India cannot counterbalance China’s power try to do so but, simultaneously it seeks an opportunity to cooperate.
-India-US Strategic Partnership: India’s growing strategic partnership with the USA has implications for its neighbors. This means that while some might consider this partnership as being inimical to their welfare.
-Regional Power Dynamics: India’s own growth as the emerging power in the region its desire and effort to attain a status of more significant role in international system also affect the surrounding neighbours.
See lessHow do social media platforms impact the recognition and praise of individual athletes compared to teams?
Clearly social media has changed how we emotionally and physically express about athletes; self-promotion is likely to supersede group success. Here's a summary. Increased Recognition of the Athlete: Direct Interaction With Fans: Social media gives an easy way for athletes to engage with the fans byRead more
Clearly social media has changed how we emotionally and physically express about athletes; self-promotion is likely to supersede group success. Here’s a summary.
Increased Recognition of the Athlete:
Direct Interaction With Fans: Social media gives an easy way for athletes to engage with the fans by sharing personal experience of training regimes and scenes. They do this to generate a sharper bond and augment the patrons’ devotion while also boosting the individual brands.
-Highlight Reels: It is possible to celebrate personal achievements in Instagram and TikTok, as well as in other social networks – stunning goals, stunts, or fantastic personal results. Some of them circulate widely as ‘highlight reels’ and the player is popular…
-Endorsement Deals: Influence turns to be fancy partnerships hence adding to the individual athlete’s wallet and to celebrity too.
Possible Disadvantages for Teams:
It also lifts personal visibility maylead to overlooking the combined input of the entire team to achieve such success.
-Internal Competition: Facebook and other social networks in fact prompt competition within a group of athletes who fight for individual attention and additional Internet fame.
Pressure and Expectations: Since the continuous update of new posts it is often stressful on an athlete attention hence the stress is dealt on the mental aspect of an athlete .
Important Considerations
-Sport Specific Differences: Regarding this it used to differ depending on the specific sport. As we’ve seen in sports like tennis or golf, individual achievement has come very naturally. However, team games as basketball, soccer etc they can average between individual heroism and the group heroism.
-Team Building Techniques: In teams and organizations, social media helps show team morale, unity and the process of achievement.
See lessTeesta treaty
The Teesta River has continued to be a very contentious issue between India and Bangladesh for a variety of complex reasons: -Unequal Water Sharing: Bangladesh regards the existing formula for sharing water as unjustified because it gets less share of the Teesta particularly in lean season and is soRead more
The Teesta River has continued to be a very contentious issue between India and Bangladesh for a variety of complex reasons:
-Unequal Water Sharing: Bangladesh regards the existing formula for sharing water as unjustified because it gets less share of the Teesta particularly in lean season and is sorely hit by it affecting its productivity and livelihood dependent on agriculture.
-Political Hurdles: This issue is so much entwined into both domestic and frames international that this is only engaging in rainy days. West Bengal in India has alone opposed every award made on the sharing of waters claiming pecuniary rights in every droplet of waters that comes into contact with the state. It does not help much.
-Environmental Concerns: Construction of dams and barrages on Teesta River in India appears to have vast opts environmental effects inclusive of tremendous attack on River flow, Biodiversity as well as those living along the course of the river in Bangladesh.
-Lack of Trust: Recalcitrant distrust and political willingness bias between the two countries have, therefore, put paid to any form of democratic dialogues and attendant progressive resolution of these contentious matters.
The Teesta River conflict is a highly complicated one to solve and which has got tremendous political, economical and social effects for India as well as for Bangladesh. Solving the problem, therefore, must be to address the conflict from both perspectives but with reference to equitable utilisation of the share water resources besides the environmental concern of the shared river basin.
See lessIndia and its neighbourhood
India had to go through a lot, especially from its neighboring countries: - Security Threats: - Terrorism: Spotting cross-border terrorism is one of the main experiences of India, which fell into the list of countries that are attacked by neighbors, such as Pakistan, including infiltration, supportRead more
India had to go through a lot, especially from its neighboring countries:
– Security Threats:
– Terrorism: Spotting cross-border terrorism is one of the main experiences of India, which fell into the list of countries that are attacked by neighbors, such as Pakistan, including infiltration, support to separatists, and cross-border attacks.
Border Disputes: But the territorial disputes with China and Pakistan have resulted into interpersonal skirmishes every now and then.
Political Instability: There is also the risk of the spread of problems such as political instability in neighbor countries to India and, therefore, affect security and economic integration.
Water Disputes: All these countries have rivers that cross their boundaries and what causes conflicts is the sharing of water and especially use of water.
Thus, Economic Competition hence eroding India’s stranglehold over the region and its economic influence, a rapidly developing economic might of China has emerged in the region.
Cross-Border Crimes: This list includes smuggling, human trafficking, and drug trafficking among the many important cases that police forces in the country have to solve.
Internal Security: The process of infiltration of militants and separatists across the international border creates internal security threats and insurgency in India.
All of this can hardly be characterized as a simple and straightforward process, which is defined in one or another way, but rather as a rather multifaceted event that requires application of sophisticated diplomatic and strategic solutions in order to engage it successfully.
See lessWhat are the potential implications of the recent trade agreements between major global economies?
1. Economic Consequences -Trade Facilitation: They decrease tariffs and other trade barriers; this results in the increasing in volume of trade which is a factor of economic activity. -Example: This paper identifies the role of RCEP in enhancing trade in the Asia-Pacific region. -Supply Chain ReconfRead more
1. Economic Consequences
-Trade Facilitation: They decrease tariffs and other trade barriers; this results in the increasing in volume of trade which is a factor of economic activity.
-Example: This paper identifies the role of RCEP in enhancing trade in the Asia-Pacific region.
-Supply Chain Reconfiguration: Applicants noted that agreements lead to diversification and supply chain restructuring to minimize cost and increase productivity.
-Example: Technology and raw material; the US can eliminate its dependence on rival countries by agreeing with the EU.
– Investment Flows: A liberalized trade policy does encourage inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) into the participating economies.
2. Geopolitical Implications
– Strategic Alliances: The international trade agreements enhance relations while serving as a way of countering power of competing powers.
– Example: The developments with the new trade frameworks in the Indo-Pacific region are meant to counterbalance China.
– Economic Diplomacy: People use agreements to manage bilateral conflicts and improve relations in other spheres such as defense and environmental protection.
-Example: A better deal, USMCA, enhances the business relations between the US, Mexico and Canada as well as helps correct the trade relations imbalances.
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### 3. Sector-Specific Impacts
-Technology and Innovation: There are opportunities in sharing on technology and R & D so as to foster innovation through cooperative agreements.
Example: EU-US cooperation on microchips: Why lack of them could be addressed by agreements on the development of semiconductors.
-Energy Transition: Free trade which mainly represents green technologies standards supports the process of transition to renewable energy all over the world.
– Illustration: European Union green hydrogen deals boost partnership in renewables.
4. Challenges and Risks
– Economic Inequalities: Self sustaining structuralism gives light on how such trade agreements can favor developed economies hence deepening global inequities.
– Domestic Industry Disruption: As much as low tariffs encourage exports, it discouraged imports hence may lead to additional employment in competitive sectors while some sector may loss their employment opportunities to the foreign investors.
– Geopolitical Tensions: Some countries have been left out in the agreements (for example China in the Western based agreements) and this increases geopolitical tensions.
5. Impacts on Global Trade Order
– Changes in trade leadership: For instance, the kind of contracts that today’s emergent powers are entering or the other BRICS endeavors directly undermine the kind of dominance that has for years been set by the West.
– Strengthening regional blocs: The strengthening of regional integration through agreements like AfCFTA can give way to a new set of economic blocs.
See lessThe Balancing Act: Cooperation and Challenges in India's Neighbourhood
Cooperation 1. India and Bangladesh Cooperation - Areas of Cooperation: - Trade and Connectivity: Over all, South Asian nation of Bangladesh is the major trading partner of India. There are different regions of cooperation such as Maitree Express train, India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline etc., thrRead more
Cooperation
1. India and Bangladesh Cooperation
– Areas of Cooperation:
– Trade and Connectivity: Over all, South Asian nation of Bangladesh is the major trading partner of India. There are different regions of cooperation such as Maitree Express train, India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline etc., through which economic cooperation is intensified.
– Water Sharing: An understanding regarding Ganga River and a talk regarding the Teesta River show intentions in the direction of sorting out riparian cooperation.
– Impact: Such partnerships contribute to a variety of economic integration schemes and improve connection between the two countries.
2. India-Bhutan Relations
– Areas of Cooperation:
– Hydropower Development: The Indian market is also the primary market for Bhutan for hydropower sector, which is the main cash crop of the Bhutanese economy and the source of cheap clean energy for India.
– Strategic Partnership: Since both the weapons and even defense and foreign policy cooperation are to mutual benefit the concept of entente is apt here.
– Impact: Such collaborations enhance the economy of Bhutan and at the same time provided reinforcement of India’s strategic position.
Challenges
1. India-Pakistan Tensions
– Sources of Conflict:
The most sensitive and imminent regional issue is accession of India and Pakistan on disputed territory of Kashmir where both cross border terrorism and ceasefire violations continue.
The synergy that characterizes the region is negated by diplomatic standstill, for instance the freezing of the SAARC summit.
– Impact: Ongoing conflicts weaken the stability throughout the South Asian region and create a challenge to India’s foreign policy framework.
2. India China Rivalry In Nepal
– Sources of Conflict:
– The current rise of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) investment in Nepal has threatened India’s dominance in the geopolitical sphere.
Recurrent tensions over border factors, including the Kalapani controversy, make the relations worse.
– Impact: Some of them make it difficult for the Indian to sustain its strategic interests in Nepal.
Balancing the Dynamics
1. Diplomatic Engagement: The cooperative stance of India is compensated by active confrontationism concerning global problems. For instance, daily interactions with Bangladesh and periodical talks with Bhutan display India’s diplomacy to have polite relationships, whereas, at the same time, having robust stand on security concerns with Pakistan.
2. Developmental and Economic Aid: India tries to consolidate goodwill through development aid or through a trade partnership. SAARC satellite and the International Solar Alliance are two iconic aspects of India’s leadership in the area of development.
3. Strategic Partnerships: Defense and infrastructure partnerships with friendly neighbors are being developed, strategically counterbalancing the divisive influence of China’s adversarial power in the region.
4. Connect-to-People: It is through culture and education, as in scholarships for students from neighboring countries, or even tourism, that goodwill is built at the grassroots level.
See lessWater Wars or Water Sharing? Managing Transboundary Rivers in South Asia
India has had a number of shared rivers with its neighboring countries, therefore India could face problems in water sharing or water resources utilizations and disputes in the development of river projects. Water-Sharing Agreements--- 1. Indus Waters Treaty (1960) with Pakistan: This treaty is regaRead more
India has had a number of shared rivers with its neighboring countries, therefore India could face problems in water sharing or water resources utilizations and disputes in the development of river projects.
Water-Sharing Agreements—
1. Indus Waters Treaty (1960) with Pakistan: This treaty is regarded as significant because it has partitioned the waters of the Indus basin with the two countries India and Pakistan. India currently administers the eastern rivers, Sutlej, Beas, and the Ravi, those provinces are identified as the Punjab province and some parts of Rajasthan while Pakistan administers the western rivers which include the Indus, Jhelum and the Chenab.
2. Treaty relating to sharing of waters of the Ganga (1996) with Bangladesh: This treaty is concerning with the distribution of the waters of Ganga at Farakka during the lean period under the calendar year,Jan.-May. It contemplates the sharing based on a ten-day period formula.
3. Agreements with Nepal: India has several treaties with Nepal on the river projects issue like Kosi and Gandak treaty. These can be associated with the flood prevention and water supply development project.
Working of Agreements——–
1. Indus Waters Treaty: Has proved to be successful for the most part to act as a means of the avoidance of conflict; though there have been a few incidents which created tension including the construction of hydroelectric plants by India.
2. Ganga Water Treaty: Has helped in share water during dry periods but the issue on sustainability of the supply in the long term is problematic especially due to increase in demand for water in both States.
3. Nepal Agreements: By and large, these agreements have proved mixed success. Moments: Some projects have been useful to the society and man kind while some have been time consuming and caused disagreements.
Challenges—–
1. Increasing Water Demand: Increasing populations and achieving better socioeconomic conditions in South Asia are increasing pressures on water resources and compounds competition.
2. Climate Change: Climate change is changing the pattern of precipitation, the rate of glacier melt, river discharge, and other water-related factors that make water management even more challenging.
3. Lack of Trust and Political Will: Politics often play a part and countries lack trust for each other, so cooperation cannot be established and agreements cannot be put into practice.
4. Data Sharing and Monitoring: Inadequate data sharing and monitoring of river flows can create transparency issues and fuel mistrust.
Opportunities———
-Joint River Basin Management: Promoting collaborative management of shared river basins through joint institutions and data sharing mechanisms.
-Sustainable Water Infrastructure: Investing in water-efficient technologies and infrastructure, including rainwater harvesting and wastewater treatment.
-Early Warning Systems: Development of and implementation of early warning systems for floods and droughts to mitigate the impact of these disasters.
See lessRegional Cooperation: Encourage regional cooperation on water management through forums such as South Asia Water Initiative.