Important International Institutions

India has been an active participant in the climate change negotiations, playing a significant role in shaping the international response to climate change. Here’s an overview of India’s participation in the Paris Agreement and subsequent COP summits:

**Paris Agreement:**

1. **Inclusion of developing country concerns:** India ensured that the Paris Agreement recognized the differentiated responsibilities of developed and developing countries in addressing climate change.
2. **Global temperature goal:** India supported the goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.
3. **Climate finance:** India pushed for a financial commitment of $100 billion per year by 2020 from developed countries to support developing countries’ climate efforts.

**COP summits:**

1. **COP21 (2015):** India played a key role in negotiating the Paris Agreement, emphasizing the need for equity, justice, and sustainable development.
2. **COP22 (2016):** India was a key player in shaping the Marrakech Action Proclamation, which emphasized the urgent need for action on climate change.
3. **COP24 (2018):** India played a crucial role in negotiations on implementing the Paris Agreement, emphasizing the importance of transparency, accountability, and trust-building.
4. **COP25 (2019):** India was a key player in discussions on climate finance, technology transfer, and climate resilience, highlighting the need for developed countries to fulfill their commitments.

**India’s positions on key issues:**

1. **Climate finance:** India has emphasized the need for developed countries to fulfill their commitment of $100 billion per year by 2020 and has called for a “finance minister” to oversee climate finance flows.
2. **Technology transfer:** India has stressed the importance of technology transfer from developed to developing countries to support their transition to a low-carbon economy.
3. **Differentiated responsibilities:** India has consistently advocated for differentiated responsibilities, recognizing that developed countries have a historical responsibility to reduce their emissions and provide financial support to developing countries.

**Implications for global climate leadership:**

1. **Global South solidarity:** India’s stance on climate change has helped build bridges with other developing countries, fostering solidarity and cooperation on global climate issues.
2. **Enhanced global cooperation:** India’s engagement in climate negotiations has encouraged other developing countries to take a more active role in shaping global climate policy.
3. **Increased ambition:** India’s leadership on climate change has encouraged increased ambition among other countries, including developed nations, to reduce their emissions and take concrete actions on climate change.

However, India’s climate leadership is also subject to some limitations:

1. **Domestic challenges:** India still faces significant domestic challenges in reducing its greenhouse gas emissions, including dependence on fossil fuels and inadequate infrastructure.
2. **Limited international cooperation:** While India has made progress on international cooperation, there are still significant challenges in coordinating with other countries on issues like climate finance and technology transfer.
3. **Rising expectations:** As a rapidly growing economy, India is under increasing pressure to deliver on its climate commitments and face scrutiny from international partners.

In conclusion, India’s participation in the Paris Agreement and subsequent COP summits has been marked by its emphasis on equity, justice, and sustainable development. Its positions on climate finance, technology transfer, and differentiated responsibilities have been critical in shaping global climate policy. While there are challenges ahead, India’s growing international influence and domestic actions will be crucial in driving progress on climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts globally.