Briefly explain the salient features of Indian Constitution.
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Which IT security threat concerns you the most?
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Phishing attacks can be mostly avoided because most of the phishing websites looks very different from the original websites (there are exceptions to). So it's much easier to avoid such attacks easier. Data breaches are a little more scarier according to the amount of important data you have withinRead more
Phishing attacks can be mostly avoided because most of the phishing websites looks very different from the original websites (there are exceptions to). So it’s much easier to avoid such attacks easier.
Data breaches are a little more scarier according to the amount of important data you have within you. It’s highly effective for larger companies who depends on digital data, and breaching them would bring a lot of damage to their company.
But ransomwares are the deadliest among these. It not only holds on to our data, but also asks ransom for freeing the data, and even can take control on the target system. The most scarier part is that everything happens under the hood, so we can’t even see or block what’s happening.
So for me, Ransomware‘s are the most deadliest among the options that you have given.
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Examine the role of the Federalism in shaping the Indian polity. Analyse the impact of the Federalism in Indian political system.
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Role of Federalism in Shaping the Indian Polity 1. Constitutional Framework: • The Indian Constitution provides a clear demarcation of powers between the Union and State governments through the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. This ensures a structured division of responsibilities. • TheRead more
Role of Federalism in Shaping the Indian Polity
1. Constitutional Framework:
• The Indian Constitution provides a clear demarcation of powers between the Union and State governments through the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. This ensures a structured division of responsibilities.
• The Union List contains subjects of national importance like defense, foreign affairs, and atomic energy, while the State List includes subjects like police, public health, and agriculture. The Concurrent List contains subjects where both the Union and the State governments can legislate, such as education and marriage.2.Autonomy and Unity:
• Federalism allows states to enjoy a degree of autonomy in governance, enabling them to cater to local needs and preferences.
• At the same time, it maintains the unity and integrity of the nation by ensuring a strong central authority to handle issues of national importance.3. Accommodating Diversity:
• Federalism in India is crucial for managing the country’s linguistic, cultural, and regional diversity. States have the authority to enact laws and policies that reflect local customs and practices.
• The linguistic reorganization of states in the 1950s and 1960s is an example of federalism adapting to the demands of regional identity.4. Conflict Resolution:
• The federal structure provides a mechanism for resolving conflicts between the center and the states. Institutions like the Inter-State Council and the Finance Commission play significant roles in this regard.Impact of Federalism on the Indian Political System
1. Political Decentralization:
• Federalism has led to the decentralization of power, empowering state governments and local bodies. This has increased political participation at the grassroots level and brought governance closer to the people.
• The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which established Panchayati Raj Institutions (rural local governments) and Urban Local Bodies, respectively, are significant milestones in this process.2. Center-State Relations:
The dynamics of center-state relations are a crucial aspect of Indian federalism. Issues such as the implementation of central schemes, allocation of financial resources, and emergency provisions (like President’s Rule) often create tensions.
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• Institutions like the Finance Commission play a vital role in ensuring a fair distribution of financial resources between the center and the states, thus impacting their fiscal autonomy.
Discuss the significance of the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution. How have these principles been used to promote social and economic development?
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This answer was edited.
Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP) present in Part V of the constitution was included with the agenda of creating a welfarist state. The significance of DPSP is :- 1. It ensures socio-economic democracy with political democracy as preached by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. 2. It tries to establish IndiaRead more
- Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP) present in Part V of the constitution was included with the agenda of creating a welfarist state. The significance of DPSP is :-
1. It ensures socio-economic democracy with political democracy as preached by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
2. It tries to establish Indian state a welfare state by ensuring socio-economic justice.
3. It creates accountability of state to its citizen.
4. It act as guidelines for state to perform its welfarist function.
5. It also focuses on environment protection, international peace and promote education.
6. It focuses on societal welfare apart from individual rights mention in Part 3 of the constitution.
There a various policy and programs of the government which reflects its application of DPSP such as :-
1. MNREGA
2. 73rd Amendment Act establish village panchayats
3. ICDS Aanganwadi
4. Mid day meal scheme
5. Trade union act
6. Pension scheme
The current debate around Article 44 of DPSP where application of Uniform Civil Code (UCC) is suggested is a heated debate. There are plethora of such examples where government has took inspiration from DPSP and applied it not only for welfare but also for socio-economic development of its citizen.
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KhushiBegginer
Discuss the role of the President of India in the constitutional scheme. How has the office of the President evolved over time?
KhushiBegginer
Critically examine the provisions of the Indian Constitution related to the right to freedom of speech and expression. How have these provisions been interpreted by the courts?
Manisha BhattacharyaBegginer
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The Supreme Court of India plays a crucial role in ensuring that the Parliament does not abuse its power to amend the Constitution arbitrarily. This is done through the concept of "Basic Structure Doctrine", which was established in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973).Read more
The Supreme Court of India plays a crucial role in ensuring that the Parliament does not abuse its power to amend the Constitution arbitrarily. This is done through the concept of “Basic Structure Doctrine”, which was established in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973).
Critical discussion:
Pros:
1. Checks and balances: The Supreme Court’s power to review constitutional amendments ensures that the Parliament does not become all-powerful, maintaining a balance of power among the branches of government.
2. Protection of fundamental rights: The Court ensures that amendments do not infringe upon fundamental rights, such as equality, liberty, and justice, which are essential to the Constitution’s basic structure.
3. Prevention of abuse of power: The Court’s scrutiny prevents the Parliament from using its power to amend the Constitution for personal or political gain, rather than for the public good.
Cons:
1. Judicial activism: Critics argue that the Supreme Court’s power to review constitutional amendments can lead to judicial activism, where the Court oversteps its bounds and interferes with the legislative process.
2. Limitations on parliamentary sovereignty: The Basic Structure Doctrine can be seen as limiting the Parliament’s sovereignty, which is a fundamental principle of democracy.
3. Potential for political conflict: The Court’s review of constitutional amendments can lead to political conflict between the judiciary and the legislature, potentially destabilizing the democratic system.
In conclusion, the Supreme Court’s role in checking the Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is crucial for maintaining the balance of power and protecting fundamental rights. However, it is important to strike a balance between judicial review and parliamentary sovereignty to ensure that the democratic system functions smoothly.
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The Constitution of India and the Constitution of the United States share some similarities, but there are also significant differences. Here are some key differences: 1. Length: The Indian Constitution is the longest written constitution in the world, with 397 articles, while the US Constitution haRead more
See lessThe Constitution of India and the Constitution of the United States share some similarities, but there are also significant differences. Here are some key differences:
1. Length: The Indian Constitution is the longest written constitution in the world, with 397 articles, while the US Constitution has just 7 articles.
2. Federalism: India is a federal union with a strong central government, while the US is a federation of states with greater autonomy.
3. Bill of Rights: The US Constitution has a separate Bill of Rights (the first 10 amendments), while the Indian Constitution incorporates fundamental rights within the main text (Part III).
4. Judicial Review: Both constitutions have judicial review powers, but the Indian Supreme Court has more extensive powers.
5. Amendment Process: The US Constitution has a more rigid amendment process (requiring 2/3 majority in both Houses and ratification by 3/4 states), while the Indian Constitution allows for easier amendments (simple majority in both Houses).
6. Directive Principles: India’s Constitution includes Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV), which are non-justiciable guidelines for governance, whereas the US Constitution does not have similar provisions.
7. Emergency Provisions: India’s Constitution has more comprehensive emergency provisions (Article 352-360), while the US Constitution has limited provisions for national emergencies.
8. Secularism: India is a secular country (Article 25-28), whereas the US has no explicit mention of secularism in its Constitution.
9. Economic and Social Rights: India’s Constitution includes economic and social rights (Part IV), whereas the US Constitution primarily focuses on political and civil rights.
10. Preamble: The Indian Constitution’s preamble emphasizes justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the US Constitution’s preamble emphasizes establishing a more perfect union and promoting general welfare.
These differences reflect the unique historical, cultural, and political contexts of each country.
The constitution of India was framed by the Constituent assembly set up under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. The Constituent Assembly set up 13 committees for framing the constitution. On the basis of the reports of these committees, a draft of the constitution was prepared by seven member commiRead more
The constitution of India was framed by the Constituent assembly set up under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. The Constituent Assembly set up 13 committees for framing the constitution. On the basis of the reports of these committees, a draft of the constitution was prepared by seven member committee under the chairmanship of Dr B.R Ambedkar.
Salient features of Indian Constitution;
1)The bulkiest constitution of the world- consists of 444 articles divided into 25 parts and 12 schedules.
2) Rigid and flexible -while some provisions of the constitution can be amended by the parliament by a simple majority,others require a two-third majority of the members of the parliament as well as majority in the state legislature.
3) Parliamentary system of Government – at both the centre and states. In the system, prime minister and his council of ministers are responsible for all their actions to the government.
4) Bicameral legislature – at centre consisting of Lok Sabha and Raj Sabha.
5)Federal system with unitary base- the Indian federal structure acquires a military character during an emergency, where the normal distribution of powers between the center and states undergoes vital changes.
6) Fundamental rights and duties- Indian Constitution contains an elaborate list of fundamental rights and duties. Part 3 of the constitution establishes fundamental rights (article 12-35). Fundamental duties were not included in the original Constitution,these duties were added to the constitution by 42nd Amendment in 1976 and 86th Amendment in 2002.
7) Directive Principles of state policy- these principles seek to provide a social and economic basis for democracy and establishment of the welfare state.
8) Secular state -means that there is no state religion and state is completely detached from religious dogmas.
9) Independent Judiciary – the constitutions provides an independent judiciary which ensures that government is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.
10) Universal Adult Franchise – right to vote all citizens above 18 years of age without discrimination.
11) Emergency powers- constitution vest extra ordinary powers in the President during emergencies arising out of armes rebellion or external aggression, emergency due to breakdown of constitutional machinery in state and financial emergency where credit of the country is threatened.
12) Single Citizenship – whoever obtains the Citizenship rights of another nation instantly loses their Indian citizenship.
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