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India has made notable progress in a number of development metrics, including economic growth, the education of women, and childbearing rates. The nation still has one of the lowest rates of female labor force participation (FLFPR) in the world. Talk ...
Is legalizing the Minimum Support Price appropriate? What obstacles lie in the way of MSP legalization in India?
Integrated pest management, or IPM, what is it? Outlining its goals, go over the different parts of IPM. (Answer in 150 words)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic, science-based approach to managing pest populations in a manner that minimizes adverse effects on human health, the environment, and non-target organisms. Objectives of Integrated Pest Management are: Reduce Pest Populations: Maintain pest levels belowRead more
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic, science-based approach to managing pest populations in a manner that minimizes adverse effects on human health, the environment, and non-target organisms.
Objectives of Integrated Pest Management are:
Components of IPM:
IPM is vital for sustainable pest management, balancing effectiveness with environmental and health considerations. In India, schemes like the National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology (NMAET) and acts such as the Insecticides Act, 1968, support IPM practices, reflecting its importance for agricultural development and sustainability.
See lessTalk about how digitization might help the food processing industry reach its full potential and overcome its obstacles. (Answer in 250 words)
India, being a leading producer of a diverse array of agricultural products, presents an extremely lucrative opportunity to turn the country into a potential hub for food processing. The sector is one of the largest employment-generating industries in India and contributes 8% of the GDP of the natioRead more
India, being a leading producer of a diverse array of agricultural products, presents an extremely lucrative opportunity to turn the country into a potential hub for food processing. The sector is one of the largest employment-generating industries in India and contributes 8% of the GDP of the nation. It is estimated to be worth $380 billion and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 11% to reach $540 billion by 2025. Further, in FY22 alone India exported agricultural and processed food products worth US$ 25.6 billion, and the export of processed vegetables and fruits increased by 59.1%.
Several schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana, Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry, etc. have been implemented to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the sector.
However, despite its growth, there are several challenges faced by the food processing industry, which hinder it from harnessing its untapped potential, such as:
In this context, digitization of the sector has the potential in harnessing its untapped potential and resolving the challenges it faces in the following ways:
Thus, to achieve the target of $540 billion by 2025, the Indian food processing units need to become more competitive and innovative, and digitization can play a crucial role in this.
See lessIn India, eradicating poverty and promoting inclusive growth depend heavily on having access to and effective control over land. Give specifics. Talk about the current land reform policies that India has implemented to promote equitable growth. (Answer in 250 words)
The Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011, put the households with no land at 56.41 percent of total rural households. Similarly, the Draft National Land Reforms Policy released in July 2013 stated that 31 percent of all households are landless. Access to land and effective control over it is of fundaRead more
The Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011, put the households with no land at 56.41 percent of total rural households. Similarly, the Draft National Land Reforms Policy released in July 2013 stated that 31 percent of all households are landless. Access to land and effective control over it is of fundamental importance not only for economic growth but also for poverty eradication and inclusive growth in the following ways:
Since independence, several measures such as the abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms, and ceilings on landholdings were adopted, and consolidation and distribution of landholdings were envisioned. In the past few years, India has taken the following land reform measures focussing on inclusive growth:
Also, in this regard, the NITI Aayog has framed a Draft Model Act and Rules on Conclusive Land Titling in 2019, which is under discussion. Since the subject of ‘land’ and its management falls under the State List, the success and failures of land reforms lie on the state governments. State initiatives such as the Bhoomi project of Karnataka a successful examples, which can be replicated on a pan-India level.
See lessDevelopment Finance Institutions (DFIs) play a crucial role as middlemen in directing the long-term capital needed for infrastructure and achieving faster economic growth. Talk about it.
DFIs are large global institutions that play a vital role in financing and channelling long-term finance required for infrastructure and development projects and to all those entities which banks and capital markets do not adequately serve. Objectives & Key Features Primarily, they aim to mobiliRead more
DFIs are large global institutions that play a vital role in financing and channelling long-term finance required for infrastructure and development projects and to all those entities which banks and capital markets do not adequately serve.
Objectives & Key Features
Major DFIs
Post-Independence, various DFIs were incorporated which included IFCI (Industrial Finance Corporation of India ) the 1st DFI in India in 1948, ICICI (Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited) in 1955, IDBI (Industrial Development Bank of India) in 1964, IDBI (Industrial Development Bank of India) in 1964, IRCI (Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India) in 1971, SIDBI (Small Industries development bank of India) in 1989, EXIM Bank (Export-Import Bank) in 1982, NABARD (National Bank for agriculture and rural development) in 1982, NHB (National Housing Bank) in 1988.
Present Scenario
The role of DFIs was curtailed after 1991 LPG reforms, on the recommendations of the Narasimham Committee, due to rising NPAs (Non-Performing Assets). The merger of two crucial DFIs (ICICI and IDBI) into Universal Commercial Banks eventually led to the decline of the DFI in India.
Recently due to covid-19 induced economic recession and the presence of fewer institutions catering to this sector, the government under the Union Budget 2021 aimed to set up the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) which will be India’s first DFI to be established post -1991 reforms.
See lessTalk about the advantages and drawbacks of commercial coal mining in India.(Answer in 200 words)
**Advantages of Commercial Coal Mining in India:** 1. **Economic Growth**: Coal mining supports economic development by providing a significant source of revenue and creating jobs in mining, transportation, and associated industries. 2. **Energy Supply**: Coal is a major energy sourceRead more
**Advantages of Commercial Coal Mining in India:**
1. **Economic Growth**: Coal mining supports economic development by providing a significant source of revenue and creating jobs in mining, transportation, and associated industries.
2. **Energy Supply**: Coal is a major energy source for India, essential for generating electricity. It helps meet the growing energy demand of the country, supporting industrial growth and daily life.
3. **Infrastructure Development**: Coal mining often leads to the development of infrastructure such as roads, railways, and port facilities, which can benefit local communities and other sectors.
4. **Export Potential**: Commercial coal mining can boost exports, contributing to foreign exchange earnings and strengthening the economy.
**Drawbacks of Commercial Coal Mining in India:**
1. **Environmental Impact**: Mining can cause deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and soil erosion. Pollution from coal mining and burning affects air and water quality.
2. **Health Risks**: Prolonged exposure to dust and pollutants from coal mining can lead to respiratory and other health issues for workers and nearby residents.
3. **Displacement**: Mining operations can lead to the displacement of local communities, affecting their livelihoods and causing social conflicts.
4. **Climate Change**: Coal is a major source of carbon emissions, contributing to global warming and climate change, which poses long-term environmental challenges.
Balancing the benefits and drawbacks requires careful regulation and sustainable practices to minimize environmental and social impacts while supporting economic growth.
See lessDescribe in detail the cost-push and demand-pull causes of inflation in India. (Answer in 200 words)
The main factors affecting demand pull inflation in India are as follows
The main factors affecting demand pull inflation in India are as follows
See lesswhat is the difference between agriculutre and farming?
Agriculture refers to the practice of cultivating the land and breeding animals to produce food, fiber, and other products. It encompasses a broader range of activities, including: Crop production: planting, harvesting, and processing crops such as grains, fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Livestock proRead more
Agriculture refers to the practice of cultivating the land and breeding animals to produce food, fiber, and other products. It encompasses a broader range of activities, including:
Agriculture also involves various support activities, such as:
Farming, on the other hand, typically refers to the specific practice of growing crops or raising livestock on a small scale, often on a family-owned or small-scale farm. Farming is a more general term that can include various types of agriculture, such as:
Key differences between agriculture and farming:
To illustrate the difference:
In summary, agriculture is the umbrella term that covers various aspects of producing food and other products from the land, while farming is a specific type of agriculture that focuses on small-scale production for personal or commercial purposes.
See lessWhat does India’s modernization of land records mean? Describe the National Generic Document Registration System’s (NGDRS) features in this context. (Answer in 250 words)
In recent years, India has taken proactive steps to modernize land records under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), 2008 to create an integrated land management system. The purpose and rationale behind land modernization is to usher in a system of updated land records,Read more
In recent years, India has taken proactive steps to modernize land records under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), 2008 to create an integrated land management system. The purpose and rationale behind land modernization is to usher in a system of updated land records, automated and automatic mutation, integration between textual and spatial records, inter-connectivity between revenue and registration, to replace the present deeds registration and presumptive title system with that of conclusive titling with title guarantee.
Significance of land record modernization in India
In view of this, the National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) was developed as a common, generic and configurable application for the execution of land registration documents across the country. It has been initiated by the Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development. As many as 28 States / UTs have adopted the National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) for Land Records.
Key Features:
It is a crucial step towards achieving efficient and equitable land governance, fostering sustainable development, and empowering individuals and communities. Thus, the land modernisation project must be implemented in full letter as well as spirit to reap its ultimate potential.
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The ability of women to participate in the labour force is the outcome of various economic and social factors including educational attainment, fertility rate and the age of marriage, economic growth/cyclical effects, and urbanization. In the recent years, India has scored significant gains in someRead more
The ability of women to participate in the labour force is the outcome of various economic and social factors including educational attainment, fertility rate and the age of marriage, economic growth/cyclical effects, and urbanization. In the recent years, India has scored significant gains in some of these parameters, including:
However, the country’s Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) remains amongst the lowest in the world. The FLFPR declined steadily from 47.1 percent in 1987-88 to 23 percent in 2017-18, reaching its lowest since Independence. While it rose to 32.5 percent by 2020-21, it is still far below the 77 percent for men. The reasons for the decline are as follows:
Measures to improve FLFPR in India:
To chart a gender-sensitive socio-economic development, the government, private sector, media, and the social sector need to work together to improve the working conditions of women, reduce wage gaps, increase opportunities for women across sectors, and bring about behavioural change in society.
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