Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNP) is one of the leading container ports of the country and is ranked 26th among the top 100 global ports. It is a container handling port accounting for around 50% of the total containerized cargo volume. The JNP became the first 100% Landlord Major Port of India. A LandlorRead more
Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNP) is one of the leading container ports of the country and is ranked 26th among the top 100 global ports. It is a container handling port accounting for around 50% of the total containerized cargo volume. The JNP became the first 100% Landlord Major Port of India.
A Landlord Port is characterized by its mixed public-private orientation. Under this model, the port authority acts as the regulatory body and landlord, while port operations (especially cargo handling) are carried out by private companies. Today, the Landlord Port is the dominant port model in larger and medium-sized ports.
The features of the Landlord Port include:
- The port authority manages the basic port assets by letting land and infrastructure to port operators in an efficient manner. It would also be involved in planning, lease negotiation, safety, navigation and overall coordinating functions.
- Cargo services, marine service, ancillary services, berths etc. are privatised on captive/BOT(Build-Operate-Transfer) basis to the primary port users.
- Port operators and other undertakings which need to be located in the port, lease the land, infrastructure and associated services and provide them to the secondary users cargo owners, ship owners and cargo ship owners.
Other types of models employed in port management are as follows:
- Public service port model: In this model, the public authority owns the land and all available assets-fixed and mobile-and performs all regulatory as well as operational tasks. The main objective is to provide a smooth and secured transaction through the port and create employment rather than focusing on profit.
- Tool port model: It is close to the public service port model with the public authority owning all the land and providing all the infrastructure and superstructure including, cranes, port control equipment, and other supplies. The port operator uses the provided equipment to continue the port operation. A tool port is a transitional form between a public service port and a landlord port.
- Corporatized port model: These ports are almost entirely privatized, with the exception that the ownership remains public and often assumed as a majority shareholder. The port authority essentially behaves as a private enterprise. This management model is unique since it is the only one where ownership and control are separated.
- Private service port model: The port authority is entirely privatized with almost all the port functions under private control with the public sector retaining a standard regulatory oversight. Still, public entities can be shareholders and thus gear the port towards strategies that are deemed to be of public interest.
The government enacted the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 to empower the ports and enable them to perform with greater efficiency on account of increased autonomy in decision-making and by modernizing their institutional framework. Further, as part of the Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030, globally benchmarked targets have been defined to help India develop best-in-class port infrastructure.
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The origin of the Earth has been a topic of much debate and speculation among scientists for centuries. Two widely accepted theories that attempt to explain the origin of our planet are the Nebular Hypothesis and the Giant Impact Hypothesis.The solar system is a vast and fascinating place, with eachRead more
The origin of the Earth has been a topic of much debate and speculation among scientists for centuries. Two widely accepted theories that attempt to explain the origin of our planet are the Nebular Hypothesis and the Giant Impact Hypothesis.The solar system is a vast and fascinating place, with each planet having its own unique characteristics. Earth, our home planet, is a special place that supports a wide range of life forms and ecosystems.
Nebular Hypothesis
Proposed By: Immanuel Kant (1755) and further developed by Pierre-Simon Laplace (1796).
Main Idea:
The Solar System formed from a large, rotating cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula.
The nebula collapsed under gravity, causing it to spin faster and flatten into a disk.
The Sun formed at the center, and planetesimals coalesced from material in the disk to form planets.
Key Features:
Explains the orderly rotation and revolution of planets.
Accounts for the compositional differences between inner (terrestrial) and outer (gas giants) planets.
Criticism:
Fails to explain the observed angular momentum distribution in the Solar System.
Planetesimal Hypothesis
Proposed By: Thomas C. Chamberlin and Forest R. Moulton (1904).
Main Idea:
Planets formed from small, solid particles called planetesimals.
A nearby star’s gravitational pull caused material from the Sun to condense into planetesimals.
These planetesimals collided and coalesced to form planets.
Key Features:
Emphasizes the role of gravitational attraction and collision in planetary formation.
Supported by evidence of asteroid and meteorite composition.
Criticism:
Relies on a nearby stellar encounter, which is statistically improbable.
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