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Agriculture & Food Management
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The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 has come into effect from 1st January, 2014. What are the key issues which would get addressed with the Act in place? What implications would it have on industrialization and agriculture in India? (200 words) [UPSC 2014]
The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act, 2013: Key Issues Addressed and Implications Introduction The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCTLARR Act) came intoRead more
The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act, 2013: Key Issues Addressed and Implications
Introduction The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCTLARR Act) came into effect on January 1, 2014. This Act aims to address critical issues related to land acquisition, compensation, and resettlement.
Key Issues Addressed
Implications on Industrialization and Agriculture
Conclusion The RFCTLARR Act, 2013 addresses key issues related to fair compensation, transparency, and comprehensive rehabilitation. While it aims to protect landowners and promote social justice, it poses challenges for industrialization and land use, impacting the speed and cost of development projects.
See lessThere is also a point of view that Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) set up under the State Acts have not only impeded the development of agriculture but also have been the cause of food inflation in India. Critically examine. (200 words) [UPSC 2014]
Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) and Their Impact on Agriculture and Food Inflation Introduction Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) were established under state legislation to regulate agricultural markets and ensure fair prices for farmers. However, there is a viewpoint thRead more
Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) and Their Impact on Agriculture and Food Inflation
Introduction Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) were established under state legislation to regulate agricultural markets and ensure fair prices for farmers. However, there is a viewpoint that APMCs have hindered agricultural development and contributed to food inflation in India.
Impact on Agricultural Development
Contribution to Food Inflation
Reforms and Recent Developments
Conclusion While APMCs were established to protect farmers’ interests, their operational inefficiencies, market control, and impact on transaction costs have contributed to impediments in agricultural development and food inflation. Comprehensive reforms are needed to address these issues and enhance the effectiveness of agricultural marketing in India.
See lessGiven the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Need for Crop Insurance in Indian Agriculture Indian agriculture is highly vulnerable to the vagaries of nature such as floods, droughts, and unseasonal rains, which can significantly impact crop yields. Given the dependency of millions of farmers on agriculture for their livelihood, crop insuranceRead more
Need for Crop Insurance in Indian Agriculture
Indian agriculture is highly vulnerable to the vagaries of nature such as floods, droughts, and unseasonal rains, which can significantly impact crop yields. Given the dependency of millions of farmers on agriculture for their livelihood, crop insurance becomes crucial for:
Crop insurance provides financial protection against losses due to natural calamities, reducing the economic burden on farmers. For example, the 2019 Kerala floods caused massive damage to crops, and insurance helped affected farmers recover.
It aids in risk management by providing a safety net that encourages farmers to invest in new technologies and practices without the fear of total loss. The 2020-21 rabi season saw significant claims paid out under crop insurance schemes due to adverse weather conditions.
By offering compensation for crop losses, insurance helps maintain income stability and ensures continued agricultural activity even after a disaster.
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
Launched in 2016, the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) aims to provide comprehensive crop insurance coverage. Its salient features include:
PMFBY covers losses due to natural calamities, pests, and diseases. It also includes preventive measures for better crop health.
Farmers pay a low premium, while the government subsidizes the rest. For example, farmers pay only 1.5% of the sum insured for kharif crops, while the government covers the remaining cost.
The scheme incorporates technology for timely claims processing and assessment. Use of satellite imagery and drone technology has improved the efficiency of loss assessment and claim settlements.
PMFBY aims to be transparent and easily accessible, with a focus on reaching out to small and marginal farmers.
Conclusion
Crop insurance is essential for mitigating the risks associated with agricultural production in India. The PMFBY enhances the resilience of farmers by providing comprehensive coverage, affordable premiums, and a streamlined claims process, thereby supporting agricultural stability and sustainability.
See lessExplain various types of revolutions, that took place in Agriculture after independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (150 words) [UPSC 2017]
Introduction After independence, India witnessed several agricultural revolutions aimed at increasing productivity, ensuring food security, and reducing poverty. These revolutions transformed India's agricultural landscape and helped in achieving self-sufficiency. Types of Agricultural Revolutions GRead more
Introduction
After independence, India witnessed several agricultural revolutions aimed at increasing productivity, ensuring food security, and reducing poverty. These revolutions transformed India’s agricultural landscape and helped in achieving self-sufficiency.
Types of Agricultural Revolutions
Introduced high-yield variety (HYV) seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation methods, primarily in wheat and rice. It led to a significant rise in food grain production, particularly in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, helping India overcome food shortages.
Also known as Operation Flood, it focused on increasing milk production. Under the leadership of Dr. Verghese Kurien, India became the world’s largest producer of milk, improving rural incomes and nutrition levels.
Focused on fish production, particularly through aquaculture, enhancing protein availability and increasing livelihoods in coastal and inland areas.
Aimed at increasing the production of oilseeds to reduce dependency on imports. It boosted mustard and sunflower oil production, contributing to self-reliance in edible oils.
Focused on the growth of meat and poultry production, helping meet protein demands and supporting the export sector.
Impact on Poverty Alleviation and Food Security
These revolutions significantly increased food grain and livestock production, ensuring food security and reducing dependence on imports. The Green and White Revolutions were particularly instrumental in reducing rural poverty by providing income and employment opportunities. Enhanced agricultural productivity also helped in stabilizing prices, thus making food more affordable.
Conclusion
See lessThe various agricultural revolutions not only ensured food security but also played a vital role in poverty alleviation by boosting productivity, creating jobs, and enhancing incomes across rural India.
Assess the role of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in boosting the production, productivity and income of horticulture farms. How far has it succeeded in increasing the income of farmers? (250 words) [UPSC 2018]
Role of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in Boosting Horticulture Introduction The National Horticulture Mission (NHM), launched in 2005, aims to enhance the production, productivity, and income of horticulture farms in India. It focuses on promoting various horticultural crops, including fruits,Read more
Role of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in Boosting Horticulture
Introduction
The National Horticulture Mission (NHM), launched in 2005, aims to enhance the production, productivity, and income of horticulture farms in India. It focuses on promoting various horticultural crops, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, and spices.
Boosting Production and Productivity
NHM has facilitated the development of infrastructure such as cold storage, packhouses, and processing units. For instance, the establishment of cold storage facilities under NHM has helped in reducing post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables, thereby increasing the overall production.
The mission provides subsidies and financial support for various horticultural activities, including the adoption of modern technology and practices. This has led to the adoption of drip irrigation systems, high-yielding varieties, and greenhouses, which have significantly boosted productivity.
NHM supports research and development activities, leading to the introduction of improved varieties and pest management practices. The development of disease-resistant varieties has improved crop yields and quality.
Increasing Farmer Income
NHM enhances market linkages through initiatives such as Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), which help farmers get better prices for their produce. For example, the establishment of Kisan Call Centers and online marketing platforms has facilitated direct sales to consumers.
NHM promotes diversification and value addition activities. Initiatives like organic farming and product processing have enabled farmers to enter higher value markets. The Rajasthan government’s support for processing units for fruits and vegetables has led to increased farmer incomes.
Success in Increasing Farmer Income
According to data, NHM has contributed to a significant increase in horticultural production, with the area under horticulture crops expanding by approximately 20% over the past decade. For instance, the production of mangoes and citrus fruits has seen substantial growth.
Reports suggest that farmers involved in NHM-supported activities have experienced a 20-30% increase in income due to better yields and market access. Success stories include apple growers in Himachal Pradesh, who have seen improved returns due to better storage and marketing facilities.
Recent Examples
Conclusion
See lessThe National Horticulture Mission has played a crucial role in enhancing horticultural production, productivity, and farmer incomes through infrastructure development, financial assistance, and market linkages. Its efforts have resulted in notable successes, although continued focus on market access and technological adoption is essential for sustaining income growth among farmers.
What is Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India? (250 words) [UPSC 2022]
Introduction Integrated Farming System (IFS) is a holistic approach that combines multiple agricultural practices and livestock management to optimize resource use, enhance productivity, and improve sustainability. This system integrates crops, livestock, aquaculture, and agroforestry into a singleRead more
Introduction
Integrated Farming System (IFS) is a holistic approach that combines multiple agricultural practices and livestock management to optimize resource use, enhance productivity, and improve sustainability. This system integrates crops, livestock, aquaculture, and agroforestry into a single farming unit, creating a more resilient and efficient farming model.
Components of IFS
Benefits to Small and Marginal Farmers
Conclusion
See lessIntegrated Farming System (IFS) offers a comprehensive solution to the challenges faced by small and marginal farmers in India by enhancing productivity, providing financial stability, and promoting sustainable practices. Its adoption can lead to a more resilient and profitable farming model, crucial for the livelihoods of millions of farmers.
Examine the role of supermarkets in supply chain management of fruits, vegetables and food items. How do they eliminate number of intermediaries? (150 words) [UPSC 2018]
Introduction Supermarkets play a crucial role in the supply chain management of fruits, vegetables, and food items by streamlining processes and reducing costs. Role of Supermarkets Direct Sourcing: Supermarkets often engage in direct sourcing from farmers, minimizing the number of intermediaries. FRead more
Introduction
Supermarkets play a crucial role in the supply chain management of fruits, vegetables, and food items by streamlining processes and reducing costs.
Role of Supermarkets
Elimination of Intermediaries
By establishing direct relationships with producers and leveraging technology, supermarkets significantly reduce the number of intermediaries, leading to lower costs for consumers and higher margins for farmers.
Conclusion
See lessIn summary, supermarkets enhance efficiency in the supply chain, benefiting both producers and consumers while ensuring quality and freshness in food items.
Explain the risks and benefits of GMOs being utilised to improve biodiversity in degraded ecosystems.
GMOs stands for Genetically Modified Organisms. These organisms whose genetic material has been altered, meaning their genes have been changed, to give them specific traits. It can be used to improve biodiversity in degraded ecosystems, but it's a double edged sword. Benifits GMOs can introduce desiRead more
GMOs stands for Genetically Modified Organisms. These organisms whose genetic material has been altered, meaning their genes have been changed, to give them specific traits. It can be used to improve biodiversity in degraded ecosystems, but it’s a double edged sword.
Benifits
For example – GMO cotton in India has reduced Pesticide use , benefiting non-target species.
Risk
For example – GMO salmon in Canada have raised concerns about escaping and interbreeding with wild populations.
For better understanding, the use of GMO mosquitoes to combat Zika virus in Brazil sparked debate. While they can reduce disease transmission, their impact on native mosquito populations and ecosystems is unknown.
In conclusion, GMOs can be a tool for ecosystem restoration, but careful risk assessment , regulation , monitoring are crucial to avoid repercussions and ensure biodiversity Betterments.
See lessDiscuss the provisions of National Food Security Act, 2013. What reforms are required to strengthen the food security? Explain. (200 Words) [UPPSC 2020]
Provisions of National Food Security Act, 2013 Introduction: The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 aims to provide food and nutritional security by ensuring access to adequate quantities of quality food at affordable prices. It marks a paradigm shift in addressing food security by legally entiRead more
Provisions of National Food Security Act, 2013
Introduction: The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 aims to provide food and nutritional security by ensuring access to adequate quantities of quality food at affordable prices. It marks a paradigm shift in addressing food security by legally entitling the poor to receive subsidized food grains.
Key Provisions:
Reforms Required to Strengthen Food Security:
Conclusion: While the NFSA, 2013, has played a crucial role in enhancing food security in India, there is a need for continuous reforms and effective implementation to address challenges like malnutrition and ensure that the benefits reach the most vulnerable sections of society.
See lessWhat is meant by 'Technology Mission' in Indian agriculture? Discuss its objectives. (125 Words) [UPPSC 2018]
Technology Mission in Indian Agriculture Overview The Technology Mission in Indian agriculture refers to a series of initiatives aimed at enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability through the application of advanced technologies and innovations. Key missions include the National AgriculRead more
Technology Mission in Indian Agriculture
Overview
The Technology Mission in Indian agriculture refers to a series of initiatives aimed at enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability through the application of advanced technologies and innovations. Key missions include the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) and the National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP).
Objectives
Recent Examples
- The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) under the technology mission framework aims to improve irrigation infrastructure and increase water use efficiency.
- The National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology (NMAET) enhances extension services and provides technology to farmers through Kisan Call Centers and e-NAM platforms.
See less