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Agriculture & Food Management
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Food and managemnet part of Agriculture
Introduction India's agricultural sector, the backbone of its economy, is ripe for transformation. The food processing industry emerges as a potent catalyst for this change. The market size of the food processing sector in India is estimated to reach USD 1,274 billion in 2027 from USD 866 billion inRead more
Introduction
India’s agricultural sector, the backbone of its economy, is ripe for transformation. The food processing industry emerges as a potent catalyst for this change.
Potential of Food Processing Industry in India
Key Challenges Related to Food Processing Sector:
Way Forward
Conclusion
Realizing the full potential of the food processing industry is pivotal to India’s journey towards sustainable and inclusive growth. India can make significant strides in reducing food wastage (SDG 12), enhancing agricultural productivity (SDG 2), creating decent employment opportunities (SDG 8), and improving nutritional standards (SDG 2 and SDG 3).
See lessDiscuss two widely accepted theories of origin of the earth. Elucidate the position of all planets within the solar system and write the important facts of the earth. [ UPSC PYQ 2024 ]
The two widely accepted theories of origin of the earth are: Nebular hypothesis The earth formed from a cloud of gas and dust, which collapsed under gravity, with the sun forming as it's center. Planetesimal hypotheses The earth formed from the accumulation of small Rocky bodies called planetesimal,Read more
The two widely accepted theories of origin of the earth are:
Nebular hypothesis
The earth formed from a cloud of gas and dust, which collapsed under gravity, with the sun forming as it’s center.
Planetesimal hypotheses
The earth formed from the accumulation of small Rocky bodies called planetesimal, which merged to form larger bodies, eventually becoming the earth.
Position of earth within the solar system
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
The earth is the third planet the sun
See lessAnalyze how the digital transformation of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India helps address the challenges it faces.
Introduction This distribution system forms a fundamental part of the food security plans for the citizens of India. However, with the passage of time, technology has emerged as an essential enabler in the tackling of long-existing issues and the overall PDS functioning. Streamlining Supply Chain MaRead more
Introduction
This distribution system forms a fundamental part of the food security plans for the citizens of India. However, with the passage of time, technology has emerged as an essential enabler in the tackling of long-existing issues and the overall PDS functioning.
Streamlining Supply Chain Management:
Technology has profoundly been instrumental in helping to achieve the PDS through computerized systems embedded in supply chain management. Computerized end-to-end supply chain operations have minimized manual interfaces, reducing drastically errors, leakage, and inefficiency.
Biometric Authentication Enhancing Transparency and ePoS
Biometric authentication and electronic Point of Sale (ePoS) devices have immensely contributed to the simplification of the PDS activities. Biometric authentication eliminates ghost and duplicate beneficiaries and therefore ensures that subsidies reach the right customers.
Empowerment of Beneficiaries through Information :
Technology has now allowed online services for the distribution of PDS information. It is now possible for the beneficiary to get entitlement and prices along with the schedule for distribution through their websites and mobile applications.
PDS Operations: Data analytics, Machine learning, and analytics the decisioning process has been enhanced. These technologies enable authority to forecast demand, stock, and exposure points that are prone to a leakage or inefficiency.
See lessConclusion
From simplifying the supply chain and making it more effective to lending the PD system the transparency it needed and finally to empowering the beneficiaries, technology has been one of the biggest drivers in the change process.
Explain the risks and benefits of GMOs being utilised to improve biodiversity in degraded ecosystems.
Benefits of GMOs in Increasing Ecological Diversity in Degraded Ecosystems: Soil Restoration: GMOs could be used to improve the quality of soil through nitrogen-fixation and phytoremediation that diverse plants and animals can live within it. Pollinator Resources: GMO plants with pest resistance wilRead more
It leads to more diversity of plants with GMOs that mimic the characteristics of native species, provide shelter to specialist species, and prevent invasive species from flourishing over them in order to regain ecological balance.
It increases carbon sequestration through carbon-fortified GMOs, thereby supporting plant as well as microbial diversity.
Climate-resilient: This GMO, with climatic adaptation and disease resistance, sustains the ecosystems in conditions of extreme variations.
Nutrient-enriched GMO ensures food and shelter to sustain higher biodiversity at various scales.
High-Risk Controversies Associated with Genetically Modified Organisms:
1. Unintended Effects on Organisms and Ecosystems
Metabolic and Growth Change: Genetic manipulation of an organism can alter the metabolism and growth, and interaction with the environment.
Influence on Ecosystem: GMO can influence the ecosystem. Its changes can be passed to the wild populations, resulting in the transformation of local biodiversity.
2. Human Health Issues
New Allergens: The introduction of GMOs could also introduce some new allergens, hence the major threat to consumers who may face allergic reactions especially with allergenic genes of common allergens like nuts or milk being used.
Antibiotic Resistance: Transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes from GM foods to the gut flora is still another health risk
3. Gene Transfer Hazards
Horizontal Gene Transfer: The risk of transferring genes to non-target organisms is negligible, but it might cause ecological imbalances and enhance resistance to pesticides or antibiotics.
Vertical Gene Transfer: If the GMOs cross-breed with the wild species, new transgenes may change the survival rate of the GMOs besides affecting the wild populations as well as in the experiments conducted with transgenic fish.
4. Super Pests and Weeds Evolution
Development of Resistance: The selective pressure allows pests and weeds to develop resistance, making them “superbugs” and “superweeds.”
Increased Herbicide Intensity: The complexity can lead to higher dosages or different herbicides that may damage adjacent ecosystems and raise their chemical content.
5. Impact on Beneficial Organisms and Ecosystems
Impacts on Non-Target Organisms: Aggression effects can be triggered to advantageous insects and other species due to GMO traits associated with pest resistance.
Soil Quality: Residues from herbicide or pest-resistant plants can impact key soil organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and nematodes.
6. Viral Resistance and Disease Spread
Novel Virus Reassembly: The emergence of transgenic viral resistance can lead to new viruses assembled from existing viruses, which may introduce new plant diseases into a region.
7. Food Biotechnology Safety Issues
Allergenic and Toxic Components: Gene transfer may also lead to new allergenic proteins or toxins, such as those already identified to be linked to some GM bean varieties.
Mutation Potential: Gene insertion may also cause new mutations that do not express any predictable impacts on human health.
8. Ethical and Socioeconomic Concerns
See lessTampering with Nature: Ethical concerns and long-term effects of manipulating organisms in nature
Food Labeling: Should GMO food be labeled for public awareness?
Intellectual Property: Corporate players control ownership rights over GMO seeds, which can indirectly affect the rights of farmers and the marketplace at large
Challenges facing during farming
The Indian agriculture system depend on monsoon rainfall so the risk of drought and abnormality in rainfall becomes very high. PROVISION TO WATER FACILITIES, AND WATER CONTROL ARE MAJOR ISSUES THAT NEED TO BE ADDRESSED. Climate change: Fluctuating rainfall, extremes of weather and drought caused byRead more
The Indian agriculture system depend on monsoon rainfall so the risk of drought and abnormality in rainfall becomes very high.
PROVISION TO WATER FACILITIES, AND WATER CONTROL ARE MAJOR ISSUES THAT NEED TO BE ADDRESSED.
Climate change: Fluctuating rainfall, extremes of weather and drought caused by climate change are other factors contributing to food insecurity.
Lack of infrastructure: In rural communities there is absence of substructures.
Lack of awareness: Farmers may not know much information on modern technology.
Small and fragmented land holdings: It is also dominated by small and marginal farmers where most of the sector’s producers are found.
Poor marketing and storage facilities: These include: little marketing, and lack of storage facilities.
Soil fertility depletion: Soil fertility is depleting.
Inadequate access to crop insurance schemes: The farmers may not have easy access to the crop insurance products or programs developed.
Some possible solutions include:
Additional and efficient watering techniques
from which agri-credit and crop insurance emerged.
- Adoption of new technologies
- Enhancement of soil quality
- Increasing incomes
- Creating employment стол.ComponentResourceManager
- Reducing risks in agriculture
- Bridging of institutions in the agriculture field
- Enhancing quality of rural life
See lessAccountability and ethical governance
Accountability Accountability is a noun referring to the act of accepting responsibility. It may be personal or very public. Accountability on the part of government includes decisions and laws that may affect its citizens; for an individual, accountability takes the form of acts and behaviors. SomeRead more
Accountability
Accountability is a noun referring to the act of accepting responsibility. It may be personal or very public. Accountability on the part of government includes decisions and laws that may affect its citizens; for an individual, accountability takes the form of acts and behaviors. Sometimes, however, accountability means admitting you did something wrong. Punishment may follow, but accountability reflects ownership and a readiness to admit mistakes.
Ethical governance:
Governance refers to the structures, processes, and systems guiding organizations, institutions, and governments in their operation.
It involves the processes whereby entities determine their goals, evaluate their performance, comply with applicable laws and standards of morality, and communicate with other entities having an interest in such organizations.
Although the term is most closely associated with the management of corporations (corporate governance), it also applies to the public sector (public governance), non-profits, and international organizations.
See lessWhat is allelopathy? Discuss its role in major cropping systems of irrigated agriculture.(200 words) (2016)
Allelopathy refers to the direct or indirect harmful effects of one plant on another through the release of chemical compounds into the environment. These compounds, called allelochemicals, can inhibit growth, reduce yield or even kill neighboring plants. *Role in Irrigated Agriculture:* AllelopathyRead more
Allelopathy refers to the direct or indirect harmful effects of one plant on another through the release of chemical compounds into the environment. These compounds, called allelochemicals, can inhibit growth, reduce yield or even kill neighboring plants.
*Role in Irrigated Agriculture:*
Allelopathy significantly impacts cropping systems in irrigated agriculture:
*Benefits:*
1. Weed control: Allelopathic crops suppress weed growth, reducing competition for water and nutrients.
2. Improved crop yields: By inhibiting neighboring plants, allelopathic crops can increase resource availability.
3. Soil health: Allelochemicals can enhance soil fertility and structure.
*Challenges:*
1. Crop selection: Incompatible crop combinations can lead to reduced yields.
2. Soil pollution: Persistent allelochemicals can harm subsequent crops.
3. Water contamination: Allelochemicals can leach into water sources.
*Major Cropping Systems:*
1. Rice-Wheat System: Rice allelopathy suppresses weeds, benefiting wheat.
2. Maize-Soybean System: Maize allelopathy enhances soybean growth.
3. Sugarcane-Based Systems: Sugarcane allelopathy controls weeds and promotes soil health.
4. Cotton-Based Systems: Cotton allelopathy reduces weed growth.
*Management Strategies:*
1. Crop rotation and intercropping
2. Allelopathic crop breeding
3. Integrated pest management (IPM)
4. Soil conservation practices
5. Irrigation management to minimize allelochemical leaching
*Examples of Allelopathic Crops:*
1. Rice (Oryza sativa)
2. Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
3. Maize (Zea mays)
4. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
5. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
6. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
7. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
*Research and Future Directions:
1. Identifying allelopathic compounds and mechanisms
2. Developing allelopathic crop varieties
3. Investigating allelopathy’s role in organic farming
4. Integrating allelopathy with precision agriculture
See lessAnalyze how the digital transformation of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India helps address the challenges it faces.
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INDIAN AGRICULTURE & AGRIC-MECHANISATION
PRECISION AGRICULTURE IS PANACEA FOR INDIAN AGRICULTURE SYSTEM. let's talk about needs first. Currently, India has to find ways on how it could provide sufficient food to its growing number of people without aggravating the land and water issues. The Need for Better Yield in Agriculture • ProvidingRead more
PRECISION AGRICULTURE IS PANACEA FOR INDIAN AGRICULTURE SYSTEM. let’s talk about needs first.
Currently, India has to find ways on how it could provide sufficient food to its growing number of people without aggravating the land and water issues.
The Need for Better Yield in Agriculture
• Providing food for 1.7 billion people in 2050
• Needs four times more land, three times more water, six times more manpower
• Food production must be intensified especially with the aim of feeding the world’s increasing population in a sustainable manner.
Precision Farming:
• Offering the appropriate agricultural input in the correct time and location and in the right measure
• Also referred to as precision farming or the four Vs of agriculture; variation, variation, variation.
• Enabling one to provide a better and specific management aimed at some conditions prevailing in a farm field.
Promise and Progress in India:
• Majority of the Indian publications point that it is important that the precision techniques are adopted
• Sprinkler is sometimes termed as drip irrigation method.
TIN 6 • Tamil Nadu Precision Farming Project basically concentrates on the promotion of drip irrigation.
Precision Agriculture brings positive impact on farmers:
This paper focuses on the aspect of technology used in precision agriculture.
Precision agriculture utilizes GPS or GNSS to implement processes that consist of observing, measuring or acting regarding field variability. This helps in making of data based resource management decisions.
Benefits for Small Farms:
Small farms have some potential for enhancing the use of precision technologies such as tractor guidance. This could mean lower input costs and higher revenue, a great possibility of saving on economic and environmental costs. Advantages include lowering of operating personnel stress and greater productivity with extra hours in harsh conditions.
Small scale farmers seem to adopt package technology at a higher rate than the large scale farmers do.
New agricultural technologies have the greatest potential with small farms, which is why there is talk of “big data for small farmers.”
Main Problems and Prospects:
• Substantial volumes for potential but adoption is still quite low and not evenly distributed in India
See less• Requires financial instruments and policies for the expansion of take-up.
• Extensive opportunity for the improvement of productivity and sustainability at the same time.
What is water-use efficiency? Describe the role of micro-irrigation in increasing the water-use efficiency. (2016)
Water use efficiency can be defined as the ratio between the water use and the actual water withdrawal from the source. India being ranked at 120 globally in water quality index (UN) with 70% of water contaminated, ensuring water use efficiency become must. It ensures - Environment conservRead more
Water use efficiency can be defined as the ratio between the water use and the actual water withdrawal from the source.
India being ranked at 120 globally in water quality index (UN) with 70% of water contaminated, ensuring water use efficiency become must.
It ensures –
Micro irrigation is using methods to deliver water directly to the roots of the plants reducing wastage eg. sprinkler irrigation system. According to Mihir Shah committe 60% of the Indian districts face over groundwater exploitation hence it become must.
Role of micro irrigation in increasing water use efficiency –
Certain ways to promote micro irrigation are-
As Dalwai Committee methods of micro irrigation like sprinkler can save water by 40%. This would ensure the achievement of sustainable development goal 6.
See less