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Farm Subsidies & Food Security

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Home/Agriculture & Food Management/Farm Subsidies & Food Security

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Firoj dud
  • 1
Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 1

Make a distinction between direct and indirect farm subsidies and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.

upsc: farm subsidies & food security
  1. Rubi Gautam
    Rubi Gautam Begginer

    Farm subsidies are a governmental subsidy paid to the farmers to supplement their incomes and enhance their farm productivity. In India, the overall farm subsidies amount to 2-2.25% of GDP. Further, agricultural subsidies can be categorized into direct and indirect farm subsidies. Direct Farm subsidRead more

    Farm subsidies are a governmental subsidy paid to the farmers to supplement their incomes and enhance their farm productivity. In India, the overall farm subsidies amount to 2-2.25% of GDP. Further, agricultural subsidies can be categorized into direct and indirect farm subsidies.

    • Direct Farm subsidy: It involves rendering cash to the recipient farmers. It is provided in the form of MSP base procurement, direct cash transfer etc.
    • Indirect Farm subsidy: It is an indirect way of supporting farmers, which includes cheap credit facilities, farm loan waivers, reduction in irrigation and electricity bills, investment in agricultural research, farmer training etc.

    While the agricultural sector in India is highly dependent on these subsidies, both these types of subsidies have their own merits and demerits.

    Merits of direct farm subsidy

    • Increased productivity: It increases the purchasing capacity and choices for the farmers. The farmers can take decisions on the type of crops to be grown according to the local conditions and profitability.
    • Better targeted: Use of JAM Trinity and DBT has ensured that there are less pilferages and leakages. The funds are directly transferred to the accounts of the beneficiaries.
    • Counters inflation: According to RBI, direct transfer will improve efficiency in expenditure, reduces fiscal deficit and thereby helps keep inflation under control.
    • Behavioural changes: DBT incentivises the farmers to make judicious use of fertilizers and water.

    Demerits of direct farm subsidy

    • Diversion of funds: It is highly likely that funds might be digressed to non-agricultural and non-productive uses like purchase of alcohol.
    • Exclusion: Owing to the inefficiency in the land administration system, many rightful beneficiaries may not get the benefits. Tenancy farmers: Direct transfers, if linked to land ownership, offers no support to tenant farmers.
    • Exposure to market risks: Direct transfers, in the absence of indirect subsidies, exposes the farmers to volatility of the market mechanisms. They might have to buy seeds and fertilizers at a much higher rate due to inflation in the market.

    Merit of Indirect Farm subsidy

    • Favourable to small and marginal farmers: These farmers cannot buy farm inputs at the market rates. Therefore, indirect subsidy helps in maintaining sustained flow of inputs like fertilizers, water supply, electricity, hybrid seeds at reasonable prices.
    • Creation of better human resources: Indirect subsidy in the form of training support and technological assistance helps in enhancing the farmers’ knowledge, and thereby, improves farm productivity and income.

    Demerits of indirect farm subsidy

    • Affects cropping pattern: It distorts the cropping pattern as farmers are incentivized to dedicate more resources to subsidized crops (wheat, rice, sugarcane etc.) leading to less production and higher prices for other items like fruits, vegetables etc.
    • Unsustainable use of resources: It leads to overutilization of fertilizers and power subsidies that causes land degradation due to increased salinity and reduced fertility of the soil. Also, it diminishes ground water resources in regions where high subsidy is accorded to the crops like sugarcane and rice.
    • Mistargeting: Indirect subsidies are not successful in reaching the target beneficiaries because of several lacunas in identification, corruption, lobbying by rich farmers etc.

    Even though India’s agriculture sector is largely dependent on subsidies for sustainability, the government must look to rationalize the subsidies in a manner that it should not distort resource allocation and lead to over utilization of resources.

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Aaditya Kapoor
  • 0
Aaditya KapoorBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the effects of farm subsidies on distribution and talk about the steps the government has taken to guarantee fair access to and distribution of these benefits, especially for landless agricultural workers and small and marginal farmers.

upsc: farm subsidies & food security
  1. Kartik Iyer
    Kartik Iyer Begginer

    Distributional Impacts of Farm Subsidies and Government Measures for Equitable Access Introduction Farm subsidies play a crucial role in supporting agricultural production and stabilizing incomes for farmers. However, the distributional impacts of these subsidies can vary significantly, affecting diRead more

    Distributional Impacts of Farm Subsidies and Government Measures for Equitable Access

    Introduction

    Farm subsidies play a crucial role in supporting agricultural production and stabilizing incomes for farmers. However, the distributional impacts of these subsidies can vary significantly, affecting different segments of the farming community in diverse ways. This analysis explores how farm subsidies impact various groups, particularly small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural workers, and examines the measures taken by the Indian government to ensure equitable access to these benefits.

    Distributional Impacts of Farm Subsidies

    1. Large vs. Small Farmers:
      • Large Farmers: Large landholders often benefit disproportionately from subsidies due to their higher input requirements. For instance, subsidies on fertilizers and irrigation are often utilized more intensively by larger farms, which can lead to unequal benefits. Recent studies have shown that large farmers receive a larger share of subsidies such as those under the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme for fertilizers.
      • Small and Marginal Farmers: Small and marginal farmers, who constitute the majority of the agricultural workforce, may not always benefit equitably from subsidy programs. Limited landholdings and resources mean they often struggle to fully capitalize on subsidies. For example, the Minimum Support Price (MSP) system, while providing price support, may not reach small farmers effectively due to logistical and infrastructural challenges.
    2. Landless Agricultural Workers:
      • Limited Access to Subsidies: Landless agricultural workers generally do not directly benefit from farm subsidies, as these are primarily targeted at landholders. Consequently, they often face challenges in accessing benefits that could help improve their economic situation.

    Government Measures for Equitable Access and Distribution

    1. Targeted Subsidy Programs:
      • Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): This scheme provides direct income support of ₹6,000 per year to small and marginal farmers. This initiative aims to provide financial assistance directly to eligible farmers, reducing reliance on intermediaries and improving access for those with smaller landholdings.
      • Subsidies for Small and Marginal Farmers: Various state-specific initiatives, such as the Rythu Bandhu Scheme in Telangana, offer financial support for input costs, including seeds and fertilizers, specifically targeting small and marginal farmers.
    2. Inclusive Support Systems:
      • Rural Employment Schemes: Programs like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) provide employment opportunities for landless agricultural workers, indirectly supporting their livelihoods by ensuring a minimum wage.
      • Promotion of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs): The government supports the formation of FPOs to help small farmers collectively access subsidies, negotiate better prices, and reduce costs through economies of scale. For instance, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme has been integrated with FPOs to enhance market access for small farmers.
    3. Infrastructure and Capacity Building:
      • Investment in Agricultural Infrastructure: Initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) focus on improving irrigation infrastructure, which can help small and marginal farmers access water more efficiently. This reduces the disparities in access to water resources between large and small farms.
      • Training and Support Programs: Programs such as the Rural Self-Employment Training Institutes (RSETIs) provide training and support to farmers and agricultural workers, helping them to better utilize subsidies and improve productivity.
    4. Enhanced Outreach and Monitoring:
      • Digital Platforms and Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): The use of digital platforms and DBT systems aims to streamline subsidy distribution and ensure transparency. For example, the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) for rural areas uses digital tools to ensure that benefits reach eligible beneficiaries, including marginalized farmers.
      • Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of subsidy programs are conducted to assess their impact and make necessary adjustments. This includes feedback mechanisms to address grievances and improve the effectiveness of subsidy schemes.

    Conclusion

    Farm subsidies have a significant impact on various segments of the farming community, with large farmers often benefiting more than their smaller counterparts. To address these disparities and ensure equitable distribution of benefits, the Indian government has implemented a range of targeted programs, infrastructure investments, and support systems. By focusing on direct income support, inclusive support mechanisms, and improved outreach and monitoring, these measures aim to better serve small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural workers, promoting a more equitable agricultural sector.

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Rajashree Shirke
  • 0
Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: February 11, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Contextualize the importance of the fisheries sector in the global and Indian context. Highlight India’s role as the third-largest fish producer and key player in the global fisheries market. Mention the significance of fisheries for food security, livelihoods, ...

upsc: farm subsidies & food security
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction India is the world’s third-largest fish producer, and the fisheries sector plays a crucial role in the country’s food security, livelihoods, and economic development. Over 14 million people are employed in this sector, contributing significantly to India’s economy. However,Read more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    India is the world’s third-largest fish producer, and the fisheries sector plays a crucial role in the country’s food security, livelihoods, and economic development. Over 14 million people are employed in this sector, contributing significantly to India’s economy. However, there are growing concerns about the fisheries subsidies agreement currently being negotiated at the World Trade Organization (WTO), which could have implications for India’s fisheries sector.

    Importance of the Fisheries Sector

    1. Food Security

    • Nutritional Value: Fish is an excellent source of high-quality protein, essential fatty acids, and important micronutrients like vitamins and minerals. It plays a key role in addressing malnutrition and improving dietary diversity, especially for vulnerable groups such as children and pregnant women.
    • Combating Nutritional Deficiencies: Fish consumption helps in combating hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiencies), which is a common issue among poorer populations. It helps improve the health and well-being of millions of people across India.

    2. Livelihoods

    • Employment: According to data from the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), over 14 million people in India depend on the fisheries sector. Fishing and related activities provide vital income and job opportunities, especially in coastal states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal.
    • Women Empowerment: Women in rural and coastal communities play a significant role in post-harvest activities, including fish processing and marketing. This provides economic opportunities for women, helping to empower them socially and financially.

    3. Economic Growth

    • Contribution to GDP: The fisheries sector contributes significantly to India’s GDP. In 2020, it accounted for around 24% of the Gross Value Added (GVA) in agriculture. The sector has shown strong growth, with an average annual growth rate of 10.87% since 2014-15.
    • Export Potential: India is the 4th largest exporter of fish globally, contributing 7.7% to global fish production. In 2020-21, India’s fish and seafood exports were valued at over $7 billion, highlighting the importance of the sector to India’s foreign exchange earnings.

    Concerns Regarding the WTO Fisheries Subsidies Pact

    While the fisheries subsidies agreement seeks to address overfishing and sustainable fishing practices, it raises several concerns for India’s fisheries sector:

    1. Prohibition on Research and Development (R&D) Subsidies

    • The agreement bans subsidies for R&D, which could hinder technological advancements in India’s fishing industry. As a result, India may fall behind in modernizing its fishing techniques compared to other nations that are not bound by this restriction.

    2. Potential Job Losses

    • The pact also restricts subsidies for overfished or destructive fishing practices, which could affect small-scale fishermen in India. These fishermen, who rely on subsidies for operational costs, may be forced to stop fishing due to increased compliance costs and reduced financial support.

    3. Competitiveness Issues

    • Indian fishing industries may face increased challenges competing with countries that offer larger subsidies to their fishing sectors. This could make Indian fish exports less competitive in international markets.

    4. Market Disruptions

    • Reductions in subsidies for certain fishing methods might lead to disruptions in the market. This could impact both the fishing industry and consumers, as the cost of fish may rise due to limited supply.

    5. Limited Access to Resources

    • The restrictions on subsidies for fishing in certain areas, including the high seas, may limit India’s fishing vessels’ ability to access valuable fish stocks. This could reduce India’s catch and affect the livelihoods of those in the sector.

    6. Unequal Impact on India

    • Critics argue that the agreement disproportionately affects countries like India, which have smaller fisheries subsidies compared to developed nations. It does not adequately address the overfishing and overcapacity problems caused by advanced fishing nations that have historically provided large subsidies.
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Rajashree Shirke
  • 0
Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: February 11, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition and Importance of Subsidies: Start by defining agricultural subsidies: Financial incentives provided by governments to encourage specific farming practices, ensure food security, and stabilize income for farmers. Explain that subsidies impact cropping patterns (which crops farmers choose ...

upsc: farm subsidies & food security
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Agricultural subsidies are financial aids provided by governments to encourage specific agricultural practices, enhance production, and support the livelihoods of farmers. These subsidies can significantly influence the choices farmers make regarding which crops to grow andRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Agricultural subsidies are financial aids provided by governments to encourage specific agricultural practices, enhance production, and support the livelihoods of farmers. These subsidies can significantly influence the choices farmers make regarding which crops to grow and how diverse their cropping patterns are. While subsidies are designed to ensure food security and stabilize income, they also have complex effects on crop diversity.

    How Subsidies Influence Cropping Patterns and Crop Diversity

    Positive Impacts:

    • Increased Production and Food Security:
      Subsidies for key crops like rice and wheat in India have contributed to higher production levels, which in turn improve food security. For example, the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for wheat and rice ensures that farmers are guaranteed a fixed price, encouraging them to grow these crops.
    • Income Stability:
      Subsidies provide financial stability to farmers, especially during periods of market price fluctuations. The MSP system, for instance, helps farmers by ensuring they receive a minimum price, which protects them against low market prices.
    • Encouraging Risk Management:
      Some subsidies help reduce the risks associated with farming by offering financial support for risky ventures. For example, subsidies on crop insurance premiums enable farmers to protect their crops against unforeseen events like droughts or pest infestations, encouraging them to diversify into higher-risk, potentially higher-reward crops.
    • Crop Rotation and Diversification:
      Certain subsidies encourage farmers to adopt crop rotation or mixed cropping practices. For example, subsidies for micro-irrigation promote the efficient use of water throughout the year, making it easier for farmers to rotate crops or grow a variety of crops, enhancing diversity in agricultural production.
    • Income Support Programs:
      Programs like PM-KISAN, which provide direct income support to farmers, allow them to experiment with different crops and adapt to changing market conditions. This financial cushion allows them to explore diverse cropping options without fearing financial ruin.

    Negative Impacts:

    • Promotion of Monoculture:
      While subsidies aim to ensure food security, they often target specific crops, which may lead to monoculture practices. In India, for example, rice and wheat, which receive heavy subsidies, occupy nearly 42% of the total cropped area. This over-reliance on a few crops can reduce biodiversity and make farmers vulnerable to market price changes.
    • Neglect of Non-Subsidized Crops:
      The emphasis on subsidized crops often leads to a neglect of non-subsidized or traditional crops. This can result in a reduction in the variety of crops grown in a region, as farmers focus on growing the subsidized crops that offer guaranteed financial returns.
    • Overuse of Inputs:
      Input subsidies, such as those on fertilizers and pesticides, encourage excessive use of these chemicals, which can have negative environmental impacts. In Punjab, India, for example, the Green Revolution, which relied heavily on subsidized fertilizers and irrigation, resulted in ecological imbalances, such as water depletion and soil degradation.
    • Market Distortions:
      Subsidies can distort domestic markets by making certain crops artificially more profitable than others. This can lead to inefficient cropping decisions and market imbalances. For example, the subsidy-driven focus on wheat and rice has sometimes reduced the incentive for farmers to grow other essential but non-subsidized crops, such as pulses or oilseeds.
    • Environmental Concerns:
      Some subsidies promote practices that lead to environmental degradation. The MSP for rice, for instance, encourages excessive water use, especially in water-scarce regions like Punjab, leading to falling groundwater levels and environmental strain.
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Rajashree Shirke
  • 0
Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: January 22, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Briefly introduce the ‘One Nation-One Ration Card’ (ONORC) scheme and its relevance to India’s Public Distribution System (PDS). Mention the target populations: vulnerable sections, especially migrant households and those with limited access to resources. Role of ONORC in Ensuring ...

upsc: farm subsidies & food security
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The 'One Nation-One Ration Card' (ONORC) scheme plays a crucial role in ensuring food security for vulnerable populations in India by improving the portability and efficiency of the Public Distribution System (PDS). Role of ONORC in Ensuring Food Security Portability of PDS Benefits: ONRead more

    Model Answer

    The ‘One Nation-One Ration Card’ (ONORC) scheme plays a crucial role in ensuring food security for vulnerable populations in India by improving the portability and efficiency of the Public Distribution System (PDS).

    Role of ONORC in Ensuring Food Security

    Portability of PDS Benefits: ONORC allows over 67 million migrant households to access PDS benefits at any Fair Price Shop (FPS) across the country. This is especially beneficial for migrant workers and their families, who often face difficulty in accessing food entitlements due to migration.

    Elimination of Fake & Duplicate Ration Cards: The scheme uses Aadhaar-based biometric authentication, which significantly reduces fraud, duplicate cards, and leakages in the system. This ensures that the rations reach the intended beneficiaries.

    Choice and Convenience: Beneficiaries can choose any FPS that suits them, enabling them to avoid corrupt or inefficient dealers. This gives families flexibility and ensures that they can access their entitlements easily.

    Mera Ration App: The mobile application allows beneficiaries to register online, check their entitlements, locate nearby FPSs, and verify their Aadhaar seeding status, improving accessibility and transparency.

    Challenges to Successful Implementation

    Lack of Awareness: Despite the benefits, 20% of eligible households did not know they could use the portability feature. This lack of awareness hampers the full potential of ONORC.

    Technical Issues: The scheme relies heavily on technology, and problems like poor internet connectivity, device failure, and glitches in biometric authentication can cause inconvenience. 57% of dealers reported issues like poor connectivity, leading to refusal of service.

    Supply Chain Challenges: 32% of PDS dealers reported stockouts, as the portability feature leads to an unpredictable demand at FPSs. This creates challenges in managing the supply of food grains.

    Under-coverage and Aadhaar Seeding Issues: The 2011 census for NFSA eligibility excludes many low-income households, while problems with Aadhaar seeding (such as name mismatches) prevent some individuals, especially divorced women, from accessing their rations.

    To achieve SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) by 2030, overcoming these challenges is crucial for ensuring the success of ONORC and securing food access for vulnerable populations.

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 28, 2024In:
  • 0

Talk about the 2013 National Food Security Act’s provisions. What changes are necessary to improve food security? Describe. (200 Words) [UPPSC 2020]

uppsc: farm subsidies & food security
  1. Avani Mohan
    Avani Mohan Learner

    Provisions of National Food Security Act, 2013 Introduction: The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 aims to provide food and nutritional security by ensuring access to adequate quantities of quality food at affordable prices. It marks a paradigm shift in addressing food security by legally entiRead more

    Provisions of National Food Security Act, 2013

    Introduction: The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 aims to provide food and nutritional security by ensuring access to adequate quantities of quality food at affordable prices. It marks a paradigm shift in addressing food security by legally entitling the poor to receive subsidized food grains.

    Key Provisions:

    1. Coverage and Entitlement: The Act covers up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). Beneficiaries are entitled to receive 5 kg of food grains per person per month at subsidized prices of Rs. 3 for rice, Rs. 2 for wheat, and Rs. 1 for coarse grains.
    2. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY): The poorest of the poor, identified under AAY, are entitled to 35 kg of food grains per household per month.
    3. Nutritional Support to Women and Children: Pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children are entitled to free meals through Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and Mid-Day Meal Scheme.
    4. Maternity Benefit: The Act provides a maternity benefit of Rs. 6,000 to pregnant and lactating mothers.
    5. Grievance Redressal Mechanism: The Act mandates the establishment of grievance redressal mechanisms at the district, state, and national levels.

    Reforms Required to Strengthen Food Security:

    1. Improving Efficiency of TPDS: The TPDS needs reforms to minimize leakages and ensure that the intended beneficiaries receive their entitlements. Technological interventions like Aadhaar-based authentication and end-to-end computerization have been initiated, but their implementation needs to be strengthened.
    2. Diversification of Food Basket: The food basket under the NFSA should be diversified to include nutritious foods like pulses, millets, and edible oils to address malnutrition more effectively.
    3. Enhancing Agricultural Productivity: To ensure long-term food security, investments in agricultural research, irrigation, and sustainable farming practices are crucial. Recent examples include the government’s focus on promoting millets as part of the International Year of Millets 2023.
    4. Strengthening Grievance Redressal: The grievance redressal mechanism should be made more accessible and responsive to address issues faced by beneficiaries promptly.

    Conclusion: While the NFSA, 2013, has played a crucial role in enhancing food security in India, there is a need for continuous reforms and effective implementation to address challenges like malnutrition and ensure that the benefits reach the most vulnerable sections of society.

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 27, 2024In:
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विवेचना करें कि भारत में समानता के साथ आर्थिक संवृद्धि एवं न्यायपूर्ण वितरण की नीति समावेशी विकास के लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने में किस हद तक सहायक रही हैं? (200 Words) [UPPSC 2019]

uppsc: farm subsidies & food security
  1. Kaveri Gaikwad
    Kaveri Gaikwad Begginer

    भारत में समानता के साथ आर्थिक संवृद्धि एवं न्यायपूर्ण वितरण की नीति का समावेशी विकास पर प्रभाव समावेशी विकास के उद्देश्य: समानता के साथ आर्थिक संवृद्धि: इस नीति का उद्देश्य उच्च आर्थिक विकास प्राप्त करना है, जबकि यह सुनिश्चित करना है कि विकास के लाभ समाज के सभी वर्गों तक पहुँचें। न्यायपूर्ण वितरण: इRead more

    भारत में समानता के साथ आर्थिक संवृद्धि एवं न्यायपूर्ण वितरण की नीति का समावेशी विकास पर प्रभाव

    समावेशी विकास के उद्देश्य:

    • समानता के साथ आर्थिक संवृद्धि: इस नीति का उद्देश्य उच्च आर्थिक विकास प्राप्त करना है, जबकि यह सुनिश्चित करना है कि विकास के लाभ समाज के सभी वर्गों तक पहुँचें।
    • न्यायपूर्ण वितरण: इसका तात्पर्य संसाधनों और अवसरों की समान और न्यायपूर्ण वितरण से है, जिससे विभिन्न सामाजिक-आर्थिक समूहों के बीच असमानता कम हो सके।

    नीति की सफलताएँ:

    • आर्थिक वृद्धि: भारत ने पिछले दशकों में महत्वपूर्ण आर्थिक वृद्धि देखी है। मेक इन इंडिया जैसी योजनाओं ने औद्योगिक विकास और रोजगार सृजन में योगदान किया है।
    • गरीबी में कमी: महात्मा गांधी राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गारंटी अधिनियम (MGNREGA) जैसी योजनाओं ने ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में रोजगार के अवसर प्रदान किए, जिससे गरीबी में कमी आई है।
    • शिक्षा और स्वास्थ्य में सुधार: राइट टू एजुकेशन एक्ट और आयुष्मान भारत जैसी योजनाओं ने शिक्षा और स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं की पहुँच को बढ़ाया है, जो समावेशी विकास के लिए आवश्यक हैं।

    चुनौतियाँ और सीमाएँ:

    • असमानता की स्थिरता: आर्थिक विकास के बावजूद, आय असमानता बनी रही है। Oxfam रिपोर्ट 2022 के अनुसार, भारत में सबसे अमीर 1% के पास देश की कुल संपत्ति का एक बड़ा हिस्सा है।
    • क्षेत्रीय असमानताएँ: विकास असमान रहा है, जैसे कि बिहार और उत्तर प्रदेश जैसे राज्यों में विकास दर अधिक समृद्ध राज्यों की तुलना में कम रही है।
    • नौकरी की गुणवत्ता: कई नौकरियाँ असंगठित क्षेत्र में हैं, जिनमें सुरक्षा और वेतन की कमी है। COVID-19 महामारी के दौरान इन असंगठित श्रमिकों को विशेष रूप से नुकसान हुआ।

    हालिया उदाहरण:

    • किसान आंदोलन (2020-21): कृषि कानूनों के खिलाफ आंदोलन ने छोटे और सीमांत किसानों के मुद्दों को उजागर किया, जिससे स्पष्ट हुआ कि नीति निर्माण में किसानों की चिंताओं को ठीक से संबोधित करने की आवश्यकता है।
    • COVID-19 प्रभाव: महामारी ने असमानताओं को बढ़ाया, और प्रधानमंत्री गरीब कल्याण योजना जैसे राहत प्रयासों के बावजूद, कार्यान्वयन में चुनौतियाँ सामने आईं।

    निष्कर्ष: भारत ने समानता के साथ आर्थिक संवृद्धि और न्यायपूर्ण वितरण की नीति के माध्यम से कुछ उपलब्धियाँ प्राप्त की हैं, लेकिन समावेशी विकास के लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने में चुनौतियाँ अभी भी मौजूद हैं। इन चुनौतियों का समाधान करने के लिए नीति के कार्यान्वयन में सुधार और सामाजिक-आर्थिक असमानताओं को दूर करने की आवश्यकता है।

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Asked: August 27, 2024In:
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Describe the difficulties India faces with food security. How are they going to be eliminated? Describe. (200 Words) [UPPSC 2019]

uppsc: farm subsidies & food security
  1. Vihaan Choudhury
    Vihaan Choudhury Learner

    Challenges of Food Security in India and Their Solutions Challenges: Population Growth: Rapid population growth has increased the demand for food, putting pressure on existing agricultural resources. By 2030, India’s population is expected to reach 1.5 billion, further straining food security. ClimaRead more

    Challenges of Food Security in India and Their Solutions

    Challenges:

    1. Population Growth: Rapid population growth has increased the demand for food, putting pressure on existing agricultural resources. By 2030, India’s population is expected to reach 1.5 billion, further straining food security.
    2. Climate Change: Extreme weather events such as floods and droughts disrupt crop production. For instance, the 2020 monsoon season in India saw severe flooding in several states, damaging crops and affecting food availability.
    3. Agricultural Inefficiencies: Low productivity due to outdated farming techniques and lack of investment in technology impacts food production. Despite advances, many farmers still rely on traditional methods, leading to inefficient use of resources.
    4. Poverty and Inequality: A significant portion of the population, particularly in rural areas, lacks access to adequate food due to poverty. According to the World Bank, about 22% of India’s population lives below the poverty line.

    Solutions:

    1. Technological Advancements: Investment in modern farming techniques and technologies, such as precision agriculture and genetic modification, can enhance productivity. For example, the introduction of high-yielding crop varieties can boost production.
    2. Climate-Resilient Crops: Developing and promoting climate-resilient crops can mitigate the impact of climate change. Initiatives like the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture focus on improving crop resilience.
    3. Infrastructure Improvement: Enhancing food storage and transportation infrastructure can reduce post-harvest losses. Investments in cold storage facilities and efficient supply chains are crucial.
    4. Social Welfare Programs: Expanding and improving social welfare programs like the Public Distribution System (PDS) can ensure better food access for the poor. Recent reforms aim to increase transparency and efficiency in food distribution.

    Conclusion: Addressing food security challenges in India requires a multi-faceted approach involving technological innovation, climate adaptation, infrastructure development, and effective social welfare programs. Implementing these measures can significantly enhance food security and ensure that all citizens have access to sufficient and nutritious food.

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Asked: August 22, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context of Food Security in India: Briefly introduce the issue of food security and malnutrition in India, emphasizing the need for a legislative approach. Fact: India has one of the highest numbers of people facing hunger globally. ...

upsc: farm subsidies & food security
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The National Food Security Act (NFSA), enacted in 2013, aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two-thirds of India's population. This landmark legislation marked a significant shift in India's approach to food security, transitioning from a welfare-based moRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The National Food Security Act (NFSA), enacted in 2013, aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two-thirds of India’s population. This landmark legislation marked a significant shift in India’s approach to food security, transitioning from a welfare-based model to a rights-based framework.

    Salient Features of the NFSA

    1. Coverage and Entitlement: The Act covers up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). Each individual is entitled to 5 kg of food grains per month, while Antyodaya households receive 35 kg per household per month.
    2. Identification of Households: States and Union Territories are responsible for identifying eligible households.
    3. Women Empowerment: The eldest woman (aged 18 years or above) in a household is recognized as the head for issuing ration cards.
    4. Maternity Benefits: Pregnant women and lactating mothers (PWLM) are entitled to maternity benefits of at least ₹6,000.
    5. Nutritional Support: PWLM and children aged 6 months to 14 years are entitled to meals according to prescribed nutritional norms under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and Mid-Day Meal (MDM) schemes.
    6. Grievance Redressal: The Act establishes a dedicated mechanism for grievance redressal at both district and state levels.
    7. Transparency and Accountability: Provisions for social audits, vigilance committees, and disclosure of Public Distribution System (PDS) records are included.
    8. Food Security Allowance: Beneficiaries are entitled to a food security allowance in case of non-supply of entitled food grains or meals.

    Impact on Hunger and Malnutrition

    The NFSA has significantly contributed to reducing hunger and malnutrition in India. According to a UN report, the number of undernourished people in India decreased by 60 million between 2006 and 2019. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported that undernourishment fell from 22% to 15% during this period. The wide coverage of the Act has enhanced food security among the poor, increasing their resilience against income shocks. Additionally, stunting in children under five years of age has declined from 38% in NFHS-4 to 35% in NFHS-5. The monetary compensation provided to PWLM has improved access to healthier food options, and awareness initiatives have increased exclusive breastfeeding rates among infants from 11.2 million in 2012 to 13.9 million in 2019.

    Conclusion

    While the NFSA has been a game changer in addressing food security, challenges remain, including high levels of hunger and anemia among women. Moving towards nutritional security is essential, and recommendations from various committees must be implemented for effective execution of the NFSA.

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Asked: August 22, 2024In: ,
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition of Agricultural Subsidies: Briefly explain what agricultural subsidies are and their purpose. Importance in India: Highlight the significance of these subsidies in India’s economy, mentioning that they constitute about 2% of India’s GDP. 2. Types of Subsidies ...

upsc: farm subsidies & food securityupsc: international economic organizations
  1. Team
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    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Agricultural subsidies are vital financial aids that the Indian government offers to enhance farmers' income, reduce farming costs, and promote sustainability. These subsidies constitute about 2% of India’s GDP, playing a crucial role in the agricultural sector's health. DiRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Agricultural subsidies are vital financial aids that the Indian government offers to enhance farmers’ income, reduce farming costs, and promote sustainability. These subsidies constitute about 2% of India’s GDP, playing a crucial role in the agricultural sector’s health.

    Direct and Indirect Subsidies in India

    Direct Subsidies

    1. Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT): Through the PM-KISAN scheme, farmers receive ₹6,000 annually directly into their bank accounts, eliminating intermediaries.
    2. Input Subsidies: Under the Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) scheme, fertilizers like Urea are made affordable; for example, a 50 kg bag of Urea costs around ₹268.
    3. Credit Subsidies: The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme provides loans at subsidized rates, easing financial burdens.
    4. Insurance Schemes: The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) offers subsidized crop insurance, protecting farmers from unpredicted losses.

    Indirect Subsidies

    1. Irrigation Subsidies: The Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Program (AIBP) can cover up to 60% of irrigation project costs.
    2. Power Subsidies: States like Punjab and Haryana provide free or subsidized electricity for agriculture.
    3. Transport Subsidies: Various state governments subsidize transportation costs for agricultural products.
    4. Seed Subsidy: Financial assistance for certified seeds is provided at 50-60% of the cost under the Seed Village Programme.
    5. Warehousing Subsidies: The Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA) offers subsidies for storage facilities.

    Issues Raised by WTO

    1. Amber Box Subsidies: WTO norms call for reductions in these subsidies, which are essential for small-scale farmers in India, particularly fertilizer subsidies.
    2. Export Subsidies: Subsidies for exports, like those for sugar, face criticism from countries such as Brazil and Australia for distorting global prices.
    3. Domestic Support: The Minimum Support Price (MSP) for crops like wheat and rice is considered trade-distorting by the WTO.
    4. Public Stockholding: India’s large food grain reserves policy is contentious, with claims that it distorts market prices.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, while agricultural subsidies support India’s farmers, the WTO raises valid concerns about market distortion that must be addressed through careful negotiation and reform.

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