World Geography
Share
Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.
Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.
Discuss the Process of soil formation [ 5 marks & 150 words ] UPSC 2024 PYQ
Soil formation is a continuous and complex process that involves several factors working together over time. The key processes involved are: 1. Weathering of Parent Material: Soil formation begins with the weathering of rocks (parent material) through physical, chemical, and biological processes. PhRead more
Soil formation is a continuous and complex process that involves several factors working together over time. The key processes involved are:
1. Weathering of Parent Material:
Soil formation begins with the weathering of rocks (parent material) through physical, chemical, and biological processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces, while chemical weathering alters minerals, and biological weathering involves the action of organisms like plants and microorganisms.
2. Climate Influence:
Climate, particularly temperature and rainfall, plays a significant role in soil formation. High rainfall accelerates weathering and leaching, while temperature influences the rate of chemical reactions. In hot and wet climates, soils tend to be more weathered and leached.
3. Organisms:
Plants, animals, and microorganisms contribute organic matter that enriches the soil, influencing its texture, structure, and fertility. Decomposed organic material forms humus, which improves soil moisture retention and nutrient availability.
4. Topography:
The shape and slope of the land affect water drainage and erosion, influencing soil development. Steep slopes may lead to soil erosion, while flat areas accumulate soil.
5. Time:
Over long periods, soils evolve, and different horizons (layers) develop, contributing to the soil’s profile and fertility.
This process results in a variety of soil types with unique characteristics based on these influencing factors.
See lessExplain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (2017
India has witnessed several agricultural revolutions since independence, transforming the sector and improving food security and poverty alleviation. *Types of Revolutions:* 1. *Green Revolution (1960s-1970s)*: Introduction of high-yielding wheat and rice varieties, irrigation, fertilizers, and pestRead more
India has witnessed several agricultural revolutions since independence, transforming the sector and improving food security and poverty alleviation.
*Types of Revolutions:*
1. *Green Revolution (1960s-1970s)*: Introduction of high-yielding wheat and rice varieties, irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides.
– Increased food grain production by 200%.
– Made India self-sufficient in food production.
2. *White Revolution (1970s)*: National Dairy Development Board’s “Operation Flood” initiative.
– Increased milk production from 20 million tons (1970) to 176 million tons (2019).
– Empowered rural women through dairy cooperatives.
3. *Yellow Revolution (1990s)*: Focus on oilseeds production.
– Increased oilseeds production from 10 million tons (1990) to 30 million tons (2019).
– Reduced edible oil imports.
4. *Blue Revolution (2000s)*: Focus on fisheries and aquaculture.
– Increased fish production from 4 million tons (2000) to 12 million tons (2019).
– Generated employment and income for coastal communities.
5. *Evergreen Revolution (2010s)*: Focus on sustainable agriculture practices.
– Promotes organic farming, crop diversification, and climate-resilient agriculture.
– Aims to increase productivity while preserving natural resources.
*Impact on Poverty Alleviation and Food Security:*
1. Reduced poverty: Agricultural growth generated employment and income opportunities.
2. Improved food security: Increased food production and availability.
3. Enhanced nutrition: Diversified crops and livestock improved dietary diversity.
4. Empowered rural communities: Cooperatives and self-help groups enabled collective decision-making.
5. Increased exports: Agricultural exports contributed to India’s economic growth.
*Challenges and Future Directions:*
1. Sustainability: Addressing environmental concerns and climate change.
2. Inclusivity: Ensuring benefits reach small and marginal farmers.
3. Technological advancements: Leveraging technology for precision agriculture.
4. Market access: Improving market linkages for farmers.
5. Policy support: Continuing government initiatives and investments.
See lessAccountability and ethical governance
Accountability Accountability is a noun referring to the act of accepting responsibility. It may be personal or very public. Accountability on the part of government includes decisions and laws that may affect its citizens; for an individual, accountability takes the form of acts and behaviors. SomeRead more
Accountability
Accountability is a noun referring to the act of accepting responsibility. It may be personal or very public. Accountability on the part of government includes decisions and laws that may affect its citizens; for an individual, accountability takes the form of acts and behaviors. Sometimes, however, accountability means admitting you did something wrong. Punishment may follow, but accountability reflects ownership and a readiness to admit mistakes.
Ethical governance:
Governance refers to the structures, processes, and systems guiding organizations, institutions, and governments in their operation.
It involves the processes whereby entities determine their goals, evaluate their performance, comply with applicable laws and standards of morality, and communicate with other entities having an interest in such organizations.
Although the term is most closely associated with the management of corporations (corporate governance), it also applies to the public sector (public governance), non-profits, and international organizations.
See lessDescribe the landforms formed by wind erosion and depositional works. (200 Words) [UPPSC 2019]
Landforms are natural geological features or shapes that make up the earth's surface including mountains, hills, valleys, plateaus, plains, canyons and other visible landscape elements formed by erosion, deposition and tectonic processes. Landforms formed by wind erosion also known as aeolian erosioRead more
Landforms are natural geological features or shapes that make up the earth’s surface including mountains, hills, valleys, plateaus, plains, canyons and other visible landscape elements formed by erosion, deposition and tectonic processes.
Landforms formed by wind erosion also known as aeolian erosion include deflation basins, blowouts, yardangs and mushroom rocks. Wind abrasion creates unique features like ventifacts and dreikanter. Erosion by wind also forms caves, arches and peculiar rock formations in arid and coastal regions, reshaping landscapes over time.
Landforms formed by Depositional works –
Landforms provide vital ecosystem services, support biodiversity and offer resources like water, minerals and fertile soil, while also serving as recreational, tourism and cultural sites, sustaining human livelihoods and well being.
See lessGeography
The geosyncline model postulated by German geologist Leopold Kober in 1921 is summarized below: It should be mentioned that Kober, unlike one of his contemporaries Suess who focused the attention to tectonic forces, believed that geosynclines are the extensive elongated depositional troughs, which aRead more
The geosyncline model postulated by German geologist Leopold Kober in 1921 is summarized below:
It should be mentioned that Kober, unlike one of his contemporaries Suess who focused the attention to tectonic forces, believed that geosynclines are the extensive elongated depositional troughs, which are very long in the process of sinking through earth’s crust as extended periods of geological time are concerned. They are bordered by comparably stable continental crust blocks. They are bounded by relatively stable continental lithosphere domains.
Thick sequences of sediments eroded from adjacent land areas are formed as the geosyncline progressively deepens. The greatest thickness of sediment is deposited in the geosynclinical region reaching its central part.
Finally, the load of the overlying sedimentary rocks precipitates the geosyncline down into the asthenosphere (the plastic layer beneath the earth’s crust). This begins the mountain making processes by folding and faulting of the subsequent layers of sedimentary rocks.
General subsidence creates a condition favorable for the accumulation of further, superimposed layers of sediment on deformed strata. Therefore, such cycles as sedimentation subsidence and deformation can cover hundreds of millions of years.
Finally, if ground conditions are suitable, the geosyncline might be squeezed, folded, and uplifted in the mountainous belt. These latter ones are part of continental crust which was initially evolved from seabed sediments. The first ones can also be at deep rock that has been eroded.
Kober regarded the Geosyncline idea as an explanation for sedimentary and tectonic history of many mountain systems and plates. Information about his contributor may be reported in historical context of the early twentieth century geology preceding the theory of plates.
Thus, Kober’s geosyncline model was long trending basins wherein very thick marine sediments had prograded and these were afterward folded and uplifted into mountain chains through subsidence and crust shortening processes spanning large periods of time.
See lessGeography
The geosyncline model postulated by German geologist Leopold Kober in 1921 is summarized below: It should be mentioned that Kober, unlike one of his contemporaries Suess who focused the attention to tectonic forces, believed that geosynclines are the extensive elongated depositional troughs, which aRead more
The geosyncline model postulated by German geologist Leopold Kober in 1921 is summarized below:
It should be mentioned that Kober, unlike one of his contemporaries Suess who focused the attention to tectonic forces, believed that geosynclines are the extensive elongated depositional troughs, which are very long in the process of sinking through earth’s crust as extended periods of geological time are concerned. They are bordered by comparably stable continental crust blocks. They are bounded by relatively stable continental lithosphere domains.
Thick sequences of sediments eroded from adjacent land areas are formed as the geosyncline progressively deepens. The greatest thickness of sediment is deposited in the geosynclinical region reaching its central part.
Finally, the load of the overlying sedimentary rocks precipitates the geosyncline down into the asthenosphere (the plastic layer beneath the earth’s crust). This begins the mountain making processes by folding and faulting of the subsequent layers of sedimentary rocks.
General subsidence creates a condition favorable for the accumulation of further, superimposed layers of sediment on deformed strata. Therefore, such cycles as sedimentation subsidence and deformation can cover hundreds of millions of years.
Finally, if ground conditions are suitable, the geosyncline might be squeezed, folded, and uplifted in the mountainous belt. These latter ones are part of continental crust which was initially evolved from seabed sediments. The first ones can also be at deep rock that has been eroded.
Kober regarded the Geosyncline idea as an explanation for sedimentary and tectonic history of many mountain systems and plates. Information about his contributor may be reported in historical context of the early twentieth century geology preceding the theory of plates.
Thus, Kober’s geosyncline model was long trending basins wherein very thick marine sediments had prograded and these were afterward folded and uplifted into mountain chains through subsidence and crust shortening processes spanning large periods of time.
See lessDiscuss the phenomenon of ocean acidification and what steps can be taken to overcome it.
Ocean Acidification - Indian Ministry of Earth Sciences defines Ocean acidification as the decrease in the pH level of the ocean over time, caused by the absorption of excess carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. This increase in CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, reducing the pH of thRead more
Ocean Acidification –
Indian Ministry of Earth Sciences defines Ocean acidification as the decrease in the pH level of the ocean over time, caused by the absorption of excess carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. This increase in CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, reducing the pH of the ocean and making it more acidic.
Steps taken to overcome Ocean Acidification –
Implementing these measures requires collective action from governments, industries, civil society, and individuals to mitigate ocean acidification’s impacts.
See lessWhy Indian agricultural sector has not been able to bring an organic green revolution?
Organic Green Revolution - A sustainable agricultural movement that promotes the use of organic and eco-friendly practices to increase crop yields, improve food security, and protect the environment, while ensuring social and economic benefits for farmers and rural communities. Indian agricultural sRead more
Organic Green Revolution –
A sustainable agricultural movement that promotes the use of organic and eco-friendly practices to increase crop yields, improve food security, and protect the environment, while ensuring social and economic benefits for farmers and rural communities.
Indian agricultural sector has not been able to bring an organic green revolution because –
These factors hinder the widespread adoption of Organic Green Revolution in Indian agriculture. Addressing these challenges can help promote sustainable and environmentally friendly farming practices.
See lessHow are Volcano, Earthquake and Tsunami are related to each other? Highlight all the possible causes of volcanic eruptions.(UPPSC 2018)
Volcano , tsunami , earthquakes there ar three terms different thinks we discuss following Volcano - volcano is cindar cones , shield volcano ,composite volcano , there are major types of volcano . Volcano is a one of the highly fluid liquid material ..it is very harmful to human disaster life . eRead more
Volcano , tsunami , earthquakes there ar three terms different thinks we discuss following
Volcano – volcano is cindar cones , shield volcano ,composite volcano , there are major types of volcano .
Volcano is a one of the highly fluid liquid material ..it is very harmful to human disaster life . extinct volcano, active volcano ,endegeree volcano
Simply term means volcano is main term of geography.. Come from term god of fire vulcan , mam fire , it is mediterranean sea , ring of fire
India has many volcano area ex , barren island , north east and himalaya has earthquakes area but not volcano present there…besalt rocks main of the
See lessHow do historical volcanic events inform modern disaster response strategies?
Historical volcanic events provide invaluable insights that shape contemporary disaster response strategies. By analyzing past eruptions, scientists and policymakers can develop better preparedness plans, enhance community resilience, and implement effective mitigation measures. Here’s an analysis oRead more
Historical volcanic events provide invaluable insights that shape contemporary disaster response strategies. By analyzing past eruptions, scientists and policymakers can develop better preparedness plans, enhance community resilience, and implement effective mitigation measures. Here’s an analysis of how historical events inform modern strategies, supported by recent examples.
1. Lessons Learned from Past Eruptions
A. Understanding Eruption Patterns
B. Community Preparedness
2. Improving Monitoring and Early Warning Systems
A. Enhanced Technologies
B. Public Warning Systems
3. Community Engagement and Education
A. Risk Communication
B. Involvement of Local Stakeholders
4. Integrating Scientific Research and Policy Making
A. Data-Driven Decision Making
B. Funding and Resource Allocation
5. Global Collaboration and Research
A. International Learning
B. Research Initiatives
Conclusion
Historical volcanic events are crucial for shaping modern disaster response strategies. By analyzing past eruptions, communities can enhance preparedness, improve monitoring systems, and foster greater resilience. Recent examples illustrate the importance of integrating historical lessons into contemporary practices, ensuring that societies are better equipped to handle future volcanic threats. This continuous learning process is vital for safeguarding lives and minimizing the socio-economic impacts of volcanic eruptions.
See less