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Geophysical Phenomena

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Home/World Geography/Geophysical Phenomena

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Harish Sharma
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Harish SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 6, 2024In:
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Give a definition and an explanation of the main features of volcanic hotspots.

upsc: volcanoes
  1. Kartik Raman
    Kartik Raman Begginer

    Volcanic hotspots are permanent and localized regions of intense volcanic activity on Earth's surface, typically found in the interior of tectonic plates, far from convergent and divergent plate boundaries, where magma rises from the mantle to create volcanoes and geothermal features. Around 40 to 5Read more

    Volcanic hotspots are permanent and localized regions of intense volcanic activity on Earth’s surface, typically found in the interior of tectonic plates, far from convergent and divergent plate boundaries, where magma rises from the mantle to create volcanoes and geothermal features. Around 40 to 50 volcanic hotspots are known to exist around the world. Some examples include the Iceland hotspot, the Afar hotspot, and the Louisville hotspot.

    Key Characteristics of Volcanic Hotspots:

    • Origin: Hotspots, such as the Galapagos Islands, Reunion Island, and Iceland, are believed to stem from deep-seated mantle plumes, where hot material ascends from the Earth’s mantle. This elevated heat flow causes magma to rise to the surface, leading to volcanic eruptions.
    • Persistent Volcanism: Hotspots exhibit prolonged and consistent volcanic activity over millions of years, leading to the formation of long volcanic chains or island chains. For instance, the formation of a volcanic island chain above the Hawaiian hot spot beneath the Pacific plate has been occurring for at least 70 million years.
    • Volcanic Island Chains: Volcanic hotspots often give rise to linear chains of volcanic islands or seamounts. These chains are the result of the consistent eruption of magma from a fixed mantle plume hotspot while the overlying tectonic plate moves gradually. The Emperor-Hawaiian seamount chain, located over the Hawaiian hotspot in the Pacific Ocean, provides an example.
    • Lack of Tectonic Plate Boundaries: Unlike most volcanoes, which form at plate boundaries, hotspot volcanoes often emerge within a plate, away from tectonic plate boundaries. Also, Volcanic hotspots have a relatively fixed or stationary source of magma deep within the Earth’s mantle unlike tectonic plate boundries. Reunion island serves as an example of an intraplate volcanic hotspot.
    • Aging of Volcanoes: Volcanic islands or volcanoes formed by hotspots tend to become older as you move away from the current hotspot location. This results in a progression from young, active volcanoes to older, eroded ones. For example, the Hawaiian Islands display this aging pattern, with the Big Island (Hawaii) being the youngest and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands being much older and eroded.
    • Other Geological Activities: Hotspots can also manifest distinctive geological activities like hot springs, geysers, and unique geological features in addition to volcanic eruptions. For example, Yellowstone National Park (US) is situated over the Yellowstone hotspot and features geysers such as Old Faithful, hot springs, and geothermal activity alongside its famous volcanic history.

    Volcanic hotspots are enigmatic geological phenomena that offer invaluable insights into Earth’s geological evolution, and deep interior processes. By unraveling the intricacies of these hotspots, we can enhance our comprehension of our dynamic planet, with far-reaching implications for both scientific understanding and environmental stewardship.

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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: July 8, 2024In: ,
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Describe the process by which a tsunami forms. Mention the government’s preparations for and mitigation of tsunamis.

upsc: disaster managementupsc: tsunami
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert
    This answer was edited.

    According to WMO(World Meteorological Organization)- "Tsunami is a series of waves generated in a body of water by the displacement of large volume of water, usually as a result of earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions". Formation of Tsunami - Displacement of water through earthquake, landslRead more

    According to WMO(World Meteorological Organization)- “Tsunami is a series of waves generated in a body of water by the displacement of large volume of water, usually as a result of earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions”.

    Formation of Tsunami –

    1. Displacement of water through earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruptions or meteorites.
    2. Transfer of energy to the surrounding water.
    3. Wave formation and wave propagation at speed of upto 500 mph .
    4. Shoaling and amplification of waves led to pile up of water and increase in height near the coast.
    5. Tsunami waves reaches the coast causing widespread destruction and loss of life.

    Tsunami preparedness involves –

    1. Preparedness and planning measures taken before a disaster strikes  to minimize it’s impact ex-public education and mass awareness.
    2. Timely and accurate information to prevent and mitigate the impact of disasters.
    3. Emergency Response planning for unexpected events.
    4. Safe and orderly exit of the people.
    5. Recovery and rehabilitation efforts after the disaster.
    6. International cooperation for better management
    7. Technological Advancements enhance preparedness, response and recovery.

    Mitigation Efforts taken by the governments –

    1. Creation of institutional framework like NDMA,INCOIS,IMD,NCMRWF.
    2. Coastal radar and surveillance system for early warning system.
    3. Tsunami resistant construction at Andaman and Nicobar islands .
    4. Regulatory measures like Disaster Management Act 2005 , Coastal Regulation Zone etc .
    5. Creation of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC),Sendai framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2005 etc to promote international cooperation .
    6. Formation of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
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Lala Ram
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Lala RamLearner
Asked: June 14, 2024In:
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Emphasize the many forms of seismic waves and talk about the formation of shadow zones. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: earthquakes
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    According to United States Geological Survey (USGS)- "Earthquake waves or seismic waves are the vibrations that travels through the earth's crust and mantle, caused by the sudden movement of rocks during an earthquake." Types of Earthquake waves - Body waves are seismic waves which travel through thRead more

    According to United States Geological Survey (USGS)- “Earthquake waves or seismic waves are the vibrations that travels through the earth’s crust and mantle, caused by the sudden movement of rocks during an earthquake.”

    Types of Earthquake waves –

    • Body waves are seismic waves which travel through the earth’s interior and divided in to two types –

    a) Primary Waves – These are compressional waves which travel through solid, liquid and gas .It causes ground compression and expansion.

    b) Shear Waves -These are shear waves which travel only through solid materials.These are slower than primary waves.It causes ground deformation and shaking.

    • Surface waves are seismic waves that travel along the earth’s surface and divided into two types-

    a) Rayleigh waves- These are rolling waves and these are most destructive wabe type which causes ground motion in circular motion.

    b) Love waves – These are horizontal waves which cause ground motion perpendicular to direction of travel.They are less destructive than Rayleigh waves.

     

    Emergence of Shadow Zones – 

    • Earthquake occurs and generation of seismic waves occurs (P,S Waves).
    • Seismic waves travel through earth’s interior and along the surface.
    • Waves interaction with Earth’s core , mantle, & crust.It will led to refraction, reflection, diffraction and absorption.
    • Waves are blocked or significantly reduced in certain areas creating shadow zones –

    a)P-Wave Shadow Zone (105° to 145 ° from epicenter).

    b)S-Wave Shadow Zone (105° to 105° from epicenter).

     

    Understanding these waves and shadow zones will help the scientists in studying earth’s internal structure , predicting earthquake behaviour and will improve their hazard assessment.

     

     

     

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Saurabh Soni
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Saurabh SoniLearner
Asked: July 6, 2024In:
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Examine the weather patterns related to extratropical cyclones and elaborate on the features that set them apart.

upsc: cyclone
  1. Jayesh Malhotra
    Jayesh Malhotra Begginer

    Extratropical cyclones, often referred to as mid-latitude or frontal cyclones, are a prevalent weather phenomenon occurring mainly in the middle and high latitudes. Forming outside the tropical zones, these cyclones are significant weather systems with vast influences on the climate and weather pattRead more

    Extratropical cyclones, often referred to as mid-latitude or frontal cyclones, are a prevalent weather phenomenon occurring mainly in the middle and high latitudes. Forming outside the tropical zones, these cyclones are significant weather systems with vast influences on the climate and weather patterns of the regions they affect.

    Meteorological Conditions Associated with Extratropical Cyclones

    • Temperature Contrast: They prominently occur where there is a significant temperature contrast, generally where polar and tropical air masses converge. Eg: in the North Atlantic region, the sharp temperature gradients leading to the “Nor’easters” in the northeastern U.S.
    • Frontogenesis: Frontogenesis, a process defining the birth or strengthening of a weather front, plays a pivotal role. During the 1993 “Storm of the Century” in the U.S., frontogenesis was witnessed with a rapid intensification of fronts, bringing about severe snowfalls.
    • Jet Streams: These cyclones often form and intensify near the jet streams, characterized by fast-flowing narrow air currents. Eg: the European windstorm “Kyrill” in 2007, fueled by the jet streams, showcased how these atmospheric rivers can enhance a cyclone’s development.
    • Cold and Warm Fronts: The dynamic interaction between cold and warm fronts leads to the formation of occluded fronts as the cyclone matures. Eg: during the historic “Ash Wednesday Storm” of 1962, which witnessed the merging of such fronts, resulting in extreme weather conditions.
    • Wind Patterns: As these cyclones develop, they induce specific wind patterns with winds spiraling inward and converging at the center. The “Great Appalachian Storm of 1950” in the U.S. showcased this wind pattern, with severe winds wreaking havoc over a large geographical expanse.
    • Rossby Waves: Rossby waves, large waves in the jet stream, significantly influence the lifecycle of extratropical cyclones. For instance, during the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) events, Rossby waves play a crucial role in determining the cyclones’ pathway and intensity.

    Distinctive Characteristics of Extratropical Cyclones

    • Broad Spatial Extent: These cyclones have a substantial spatial presence, often overshadowing their tropical counterparts. Eg: the “Great Storm of 1987” affected a vast area across the UK and France, showcasing the extensive geographical reach of extratropical cyclones. The Spatial Extent of Extratropical Cyclones ranges from 500 kms to 2500 kms.
    • Seasonal Variability: The “Winter of 2013-14” in North America saw a spate of extratropical cyclones, highlighting the seasonal predisposition of these weather events, significantly impacting regions with massive snowfalls and cold waves.
    • Asymmetric Structure: They frequently display an asymmetric structure, having divergent meteorological dynamics on different sides. Eg: the “1993 Superstorm” in the US, where one side experienced heavy snowfall while the other side encountered severe thunderstorms.
    • Variable Precipitation Patterns: They exhibit a diversity in precipitation patterns, encompassing rain, snow, or mixed phases. Eg: the “North American Blizzard of 2009” showcased varying precipitation patterns, including a mix of heavy snowfall and rain across different regions.
    • Complex Lifecycle: It is intricate, passing through stages from inception to occlusion. The series of cyclones impacting the UK in winter 2013-14 witnessed complex life cycles, evolving through various stages, showcasing the complexity in the developmental phases of these cyclones.
    • Impact on Weather: They substantially affect weather patterns, inducing sudden and drastic alterations in weather conditions over expansive areas. The “Derecho of 2020” (USA) brought about significant weather alterations, highlighting the transformative impact of these cyclones.

    Extratropical cyclones are dynamic weather systems which play a pivotal role in shaping the weather and climate of mid and high latitude regions. Understanding the meteorological conditions and distinctive characteristics of these cyclones is vital in weather forecasting and climate studies to mitigate their impacts effectively.

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Manoj Singh
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Manoj SinghLearner
Asked: June 22, 2024In:
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Similar to earthquakes, volcanoes are characterized by a well-defined global distribution in belts or zones. Talk about it. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: geophysical phenomena
  1. Bhavesh singh
    Bhavesh singh Begginer

    Earthquakes and volcanoes are natural phenomena and are closely linked with seismic events. An earthquake is caused by to release of energy along a fault in the earth's crust, which generates waves that travel in all directions. A volcano is a place where gases, ashes, and/or molten rock material laRead more

    Earthquakes and volcanoes are natural phenomena and are closely linked with seismic events. An earthquake is caused by to release of energy along a fault in the earth’s crust, which generates waves that travel in all directions. A volcano is a place where gases, ashes, and/or molten rock material lava – escape to the ground. The spatial distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes shows a close relation between the two as indicated in the figure below: Most of the largest earthquakes that ever happened on Earth, were along the Circum-Pacific belt, which is also called the ‘Ring of Fire. After this, earthquakes have been more frequent in the Alpide or Alpine-Himalayan earthquake belt, which runs from Java to Sumatra through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic. The third prominent belt follows the submerged mid-Atlantic Ridge. The map of volcanoes also shows a similar pattern. They are distributed along three major belts or zones in the world, namely- (i) Circum-Pacific belt: Also known as the ‘volcanic zones of the convergent oceanic plate margins’, it includes the volcanoes of the eastern and western coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean, of island arcs and festoons off the east coast of Asia and of the volcanic islands scattered over the Pacific Ocean. (ii) Mid-continental belt: Also known as ‘the volcanic zones of convergent continental plate margins’, it includes the volcanoes of Alpine mountain chains and the Mediterranean Sea and the volcanoes of the fault zone of eastern Africa. (iii) Mid-oceanic ridge belt: This belt includes the volcanoes mainly along the mid-Atlantic ridge which represents the splitting/divergent zone of plates. The spatial distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes show similarities as both events are closely linked with the Theory of Plate Tectonics, which explains the formation of convergent and divergent boundaries and the motion of plates.

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Shyamlal Sharma
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Shyamlal SharmaLearner
Asked: July 6, 2024In:
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Discover the plethora of invasive landforms produced by volcanic activities.

upsc: volcanoes
  1. Nikhil Joshi
    Nikhil Joshi Learner

    Volcanic processes are dynamic geological phenomena that shape the Earth's surface through the eruption of molten rock, ash, and gases. These processes give rise to both extrusive and intrusive landforms. Extrusive landforms, like conical hills, form outside the Earth's surface, while intrusive landRead more

    Volcanic processes are dynamic geological phenomena that shape the Earth’s surface through the eruption of molten rock, ash, and gases. These processes give rise to both extrusive and intrusive landforms. Extrusive landforms, like conical hills, form outside the Earth’s surface, while intrusive landforms, such as batholiths, develop within the Earth’s crust.

    Intrusive Landforms that Emerge from Volcanic Processes

    Intrusive landforms are structures that result from the solidification of magma beneath the Earth’s surface. They can take various shapes and sizes, each with its own unique characteristics. Different such landforms can be explained as follows:

    • Dykes: Dykes are vertical or near vertical sheet-like intrusions of magma that cut across existing rock layers. When magma rises through fractures in the Earth’s crust and solidifies, it forms these wall-like structures. Cleveland Dyke of Yorkshire, England serves as an example.
    • Sills: Sills are horizontal sheet-like intrusions of magma that parallel the layers of existing rock. They are created when magma is injected between layers of sedimentary or volcanic rock. Over time, erosion can expose these features, creating prominent landscape features like the Palisades in New Jersey.
    • Laccoliths: Laccoliths are lens shaped intrusions of magma that push up overlying rock layers into a dome shape. As the magma forces its way upward, it creates a characteristic bulge in the Earth’s surface. The Henry Mountains in Utah are an example of laccoliths.
    • Batholiths: Batholiths are the largest intrusive landforms, often covering vast areas of 40 square miles or more. These massive bodies of intrusive igneous rock form when magma cools and solidifies deep within the Earth’s crust. The Sierra Nevada Batholith in California is a well-known example.
    • Stocks: Stocks are smaller, irregularly shaped intrusive bodies of magma that lack the massive scale of batholiths. They are typically less than 40 square miles in area. Devils Tower, Wyoming, USA serves as an example.
    • Volcanic Necks: These are remnants of ancient volcanoes that have eroded over time, leaving behind the solidified magma conduit or throat of the volcano. Ship Rock in New Mexico is a notable example of a volcanic neck.

    Understanding this myriad of intrusive landforms emerging from volcanic processes not only provides insights into the geological history of a region but also plays a crucial role in various scientific fields, including geology, mineral exploration, and even geothermal energy production.

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Malti devi
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Malti deviLearner
Asked: June 15, 2024In:
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Describe how volcanoes are distributed around the world and explain why they are primarily found around the Pacific Ring of Fire.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: volcanoes
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert
    This answer was edited.

    According to United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)- "Volcano is a natural hazard that occurs when magma from the earth's interior is released through a vent or fissure, potentially cause damage and loss of life ".   Most of the Volcanoes in the world are found in three wellRead more

    According to United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)- “Volcano is a natural hazard that occurs when magma from the earth’s interior is released through a vent or fissure, potentially cause damage and loss of life “.

     

    Most of the Volcanoes in the world are found in three well defined belts –

    1. Circum Pacific Belt -It is 40000 km horse shoe shaped zone of intense seismic and volcanic activity.It include regions of New Zealand, Australia, Philippines, Japan, Russia,USA etc .
    2. The Mid World Mountain Belt -It is longest mountain range on earth, stretching over 65000 km which runs through the middle of Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.
    3. The African Rift Valley Belt -It is a zone of rifts abd faults stretching over 6000 km from Lebanon in north to Mozambique in south.

    Reasons to support the Concentration of Volcanoes along the Pacific Ring of Fire –

    1. Thinner crust making it easier for magma to rise and erupt .
    2. Due to subduction and continental collision,it hosts numerous volcanic arcs ex-Indonesian Volcanic Arcs .
    3. It consist regions of mantle plumes or hotspots ex-Hawaiian islands,Galapagos islands .
    4. It is characterized by continental rifting (plates are pulling apart)ex-East African Rift System.
    5. It has High Geothermal Gradient (Heat from the earth’s interior is closer to the surface).
    6. It is a zone of intense seismic and volcanic activity resulting from convergence of tectonic plates (Pacific North American Plate), Divergence of Plates (East Pacific Rise)and transform plates (San Andreas Fault).

     

    Understanding the global distribution and Pacific Ring of Fires unique geology will help in prediction,early warning system, evacuation plans, regular monitoring and disaster preparedness.

     

     

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Mansi Gautam
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Mansi GautamLearner
Asked: June 22, 2024In:
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Describe the circumstances necessary for frontogenesis to occur and provide an overview of the fronts’ worldwide dispersion pattern. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: cyclone
  1. Khushi saini
    Khushi saini Learner

    When two different air masses meet, the boundary zone between them is called a front and the process of formation of the fronts is known as frontogenesis. There are four types of fronts, i.e., cold, warm, stationary, and occluded front. Fronts are characterized by steep gradients in temperature andRead more

    When two different air masses meet, the boundary zone between them is called a front and the process of formation of the fronts is known as frontogenesis. There are four types of fronts, i.e., cold, warm, stationary, and occluded front. Fronts are characterized by steep gradients in temperature and pressure. They bring abrupt changes in temperature and cause the air to rise to form clouds and cause precipitation.

    Conditions required for Frontogenesis:

    • Temperature difference: The two opposing air masses that converge to form a front must have a contrasting temperature. If one air mass is warm, moist, and light, a front can only be created when the other air mass is cold, dry, and dense.
      • Frontogenesis does not take place in the equatorial region as the two air masses converge at the equator (trade winds) but the temperature of both these air masses is uniform.
    • Convergence of air masses: When two air masses having different temperatures converge, they try to invade the space of each other and this leads to the formation of the fronts.

    Fronts and associated depressions tend to develop in a well-defined order.

    The major regions of frontal development are as follows:

    • East Asia and Eastern North America: Fronts are formed especially in winter, where there is a sharp temperature gradient between the snow-covered land and warm offshore currents.
      • Pacific Arctic fronts are formed along the Rockies-Great Lakes region.
      • Atlantic Polar fronts are formed when maritime tropical air masses meet continental polar air masses. Full development of this front takes place during winter.
      • Also, the frontal frequency is very high in the North Atlantic whereas it decreases eastward in the North Pacific because of less gradient of sea surface temperature. Frontal activity is also very common in the Central North Pacific.
    • Mediterranean: Here the polar front commonly referred to as the Mediterranean front is located over the Mediterranean-Caspian Sea areas.
      • It is formed when the cold polar air masses of Europe meet the winter air masses of North African origin over the Mediterranean basin and initiate frontogenesis.
      • In the summer, because of the anticyclonic conditions, the frontal zone is absent. The Atlantic Arctic Front is formed when the maritime polar air masses meet the air masses developed along the boundary of the Arctic source- region. The associated weather phenomena are different in each type of front. The cold front brings lots of precipitation and cold weather whereas the warm front brings drizzly rain and warmer weather.
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Shyamlal Sharma
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Shyamlal SharmaLearner
Asked: July 6, 2024In:
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What are the similarities and differences between cyclones and anticyclones?

upsc: cyclone
  1. Shubhani Saraogi
    Shubhani Saraogi Learner

    Cyclones and anticyclones are both large-scale air masses, but they exhibit opposite characteristics. Similarities: 1. Atmospheric Phenomena: Both are significant weather systems that influence weather patterns. 2. Pressure Systems: Cyclones and anticyclones are associated with air pressure systems,Read more

    Cyclones and anticyclones are both large-scale air masses, but they exhibit opposite characteristics.

    Similarities:
    1. Atmospheric Phenomena: Both are significant weather systems that influence weather patterns.
    2. Pressure Systems: Cyclones and anticyclones are associated with air pressure systems, with cyclones linked to low pressure and anticyclones to high pressure.
    3. Rotation: Both systems rotate due to the Coriolis effect caused by Earth’s rotation, but in opposite directions.

    Differences:
    1. Pressure: Cyclones are low-pressure systems where air converges and rises, leading to cloud formation and precipitation. Anticyclones are high-pressure systems where air descends, resulting in clear, dry conditions.
    2. Rotation Direction: In the Northern Hemisphere, cyclones rotate counterclockwise, while anticyclones rotate clockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere, cyclones rotate clockwise and anticyclones counterclockwise.
    3. Weather Impact: Cyclones often bring storms, strong winds, and heavy rain, potentially causing severe weather events like hurricanes or typhoons. Anticyclones generally bring calm, stable weather with clear skies and little precipitation.

    In summary, while both cyclones and anticyclones are crucial to understanding weather patterns, they represent contrasting pressure systems and weather conditions, with cyclones bringing turbulent weather and anticyclones bringing stable conditions.

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Ritu tyagi
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Ritu tyagiLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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List the elements that are conducive to the development of tropical cyclones. Furthermore distinguish between temperate and tropical cyclones.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: cyclone
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    According to WMO (World Meteorological Organization)- "Cyclone is a low pressure system with sustained winds of atleast 34 knots (63 km/h) and a closed circulation pattern." Favourable conditions for the formation of Tropical Cyclones- High Humidity i.e around 60-80%. Vertical Wind Shear should be lRead more

    According to WMO (World Meteorological Organization)- “Cyclone is a low pressure system with sustained winds of atleast 34 knots (63 km/h) and a closed circulation pattern.”

    Favourable conditions for the formation of Tropical Cyclones-

    1. High Humidity i.e around 60-80%.
    2. Vertical Wind Shear should be low (< 10 m/s).
    3. Warm Ocean waters with temperature ≥ 26.5 °C .
    4. Low pressure area.
    5. Convergence of winds with the upper level of divergence.
    6. Presence of Coriolis Force.

    Differences between Tropical and Temperate Cyclones –

    1. Origin – Tropical cyclones form only on seas with temperature more than 26.5 °C in between 10° to 30° N and S of the equator ex-Hurricanes whereas Temperate cyclones can be formed both on land as well as seas in between 35° to 65° N and S of equator ex- European Windstorms .
    2. Shape – Tropical cyclones are elliptical in shape where as Temperate cyclones are in shape of of inverted V .
    3. Lifespan – Tropical cyclones doesn’t last for more than 1 week whereas Temperate cyclones may last for 2 to 3 weeks .
    4. Movement – Tropical cyclones move westward then poleward whereas Temperate cyclones move eastward then northeastward.
    5. Intensity – Tropical cyclones are more intense(Category 1 to 5) as compared to the Temperate cyclones.

     

     

    Understanding these favourable conditions and differences will help us to predict,prepare and track the movements of cyclones by using effective mitigation strategies like – early warning system,storm shelters, evacuation drills,remote sensing etc .

     

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