Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Context: Briefly introduce India’s historical reliance on food imports in the 1960s. Current Status: State the transformation to becoming a net food exporter, with export figures highlighting this change. Section 1: Historical Background Net Food Importer (1960s): Mention food import ...
Green manure is a sustainable agricultural practice that enhances soil fertility and structure by growing specific crops and incorporating them into the soil. This method leverages the natural growth and decomposition processes to enrich the soil with essential nutrients, organic matter, and beneficRead more
Green manure is a sustainable agricultural practice that enhances soil fertility and structure by growing specific crops and incorporating them into the soil. This method leverages the natural growth and decomposition processes to enrich the soil with essential nutrients, organic matter, and beneficial microorganisms.
When green manure crops are grown, they absorb nutrients from the soil and store them in their tissues. Once these plants are tilled back into the soil, they decompose, releasing these nutrients in a more accessible form for subsequent crops. This process not only replenishes nitrogen but also adds organic matter, improving soil structure and water retention.
Additionally, green manure helps suppress weeds, reduce soil erosion, and attract beneficial insects. The organic matter from decomposed green manure enhances microbial activity, promoting a healthy soil ecosystem. This holistic approach to soil management supports sustainable agriculture by reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and fostering a more resilient farming system.
By integrating green manure into crop rotations, farmers can naturally boost soil fertility, leading to healthier plants and more productive harvests.
See less
Model Answer Introduction In the early 1960s, India was heavily reliant on food imports, bringing in approximately 3,747 thousand tonnes of cereals in 1960-61. However, by 2000-01, this dependence had drastically reduced to just 69.9 thousand tonnes. Today, India stands as a net food exporter, withRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
In the early 1960s, India was heavily reliant on food imports, bringing in approximately 3,747 thousand tonnes of cereals in 1960-61. However, by 2000-01, this dependence had drastically reduced to just 69.9 thousand tonnes. Today, India stands as a net food exporter, with agricultural and processed food product exports reaching USD 24.8 billion in the fiscal year 2021-22. This remarkable transformation can be attributed to several key factors.
Reasons Behind the Transformation
1. Green Revolution
The Green Revolution, initiated in the 1960s and 1970s, introduced high-yielding crop varieties and modern farming techniques. This led to a significant increase in agricultural productivity, particularly in wheat, where per-hectare production rose from 850 kg to 2,281 kg during its early phases.
2. Improved Infrastructure
Investment in agricultural infrastructure, including irrigation systems and transportation networks, has facilitated efficient production and distribution. The construction of dams, such as the Bhakra Nangal Dam in 1963, has notably enhanced productivity in states like Punjab and Haryana.
3. Government Policies
Supportive government policies, including minimum support prices (MSPs) and subsidized fertilizers, have incentivized farmers to boost food grain production. These measures provide a safety net for farmers, encouraging investment in agriculture.
4. Technological Advancements
Advancements in agricultural technology, such as mechanization and precision farming, have improved productivity and reduced post-harvest losses. The increased use of tractors and combine harvesters has expedited farming operations.
5. Crop Diversification
The diversification of crops beyond traditional staples to high-value crops, including fruits and vegetables, has significantly boosted agricultural exports. For example, India is a major exporter of mangoes.
6. Entrepreneurship and Agribusiness
The rise of agribusinesses has added value to Indian produce. Companies like Amul in dairy and Patanjali in processed foods have successfully penetrated both domestic and international markets.
7. Globalization and Trade Liberalization
India’s integration into the global economy through trade liberalization and adherence to WTO norms has opened international markets for its agricultural products, facilitating exports.
Conclusion
India’s evolution from a net food importer to a net food exporter is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of its agricultural sector. However, to sustain these achievements, India must address challenges such as climate change and shifting global dynamics.
See less