In order to achieve development goals, public funds must be used effectively. Analyze critically the causes of improper and underuse of public finances as well as the effects of each. (150 words) [UPSC 2019]
Model Answer Social cohesion refers to the degree to which individuals and groups within a society are connected and support each other. It encompasses both horizontal relationships between citizens and vertical relationships between citizens and the state. In essence, social cohesion reflects the sRead more
Model Answer
Social cohesion refers to the degree to which individuals and groups within a society are connected and support each other. It encompasses both horizontal relationships between citizens and vertical relationships between citizens and the state. In essence, social cohesion reflects the strength of the bonds that unite people across different communities and ensure interdependence for the greater good.
Importance of Social Cohesion for Effective Governance
- Promotes Trust
Socially cohesive societies create environments of trust, which are essential for effective governance. When citizens trust one another and their institutions, it fosters a stable environment conducive to economic growth and social well-being. For instance, the successful integration of social initiatives in Hiware Bazar village, Maharashtra, led to sustainable economic development by leveraging local ecology and fostering trust among residents. - Encourages Inclusive and Participatory Governance
Social cohesion enhances community involvement in governance. Citizens with strong communal ties are more likely to engage with and support government policies. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a notable example, where citizens, local authorities, and organizations collaborated to promote cleanliness and hygiene. - Promotes Social Justice
A cohesive society ensures fairness by minimizing inequalities and fostering social justice. Initiatives like the Kudumbashree in Kerala, which empowered women and alleviated poverty, exemplify how social cohesion leads to positive societal outcomes.
In summary, social cohesion is crucial for effective governance because it builds trust, promotes participation, and ensures social justice.
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Effective Utilization of Public Funds: Issues and Implications **1. Reasons for Under-Utilization and Mis-Utilization a. Bureaucratic Inefficiency: Cumbersome administrative procedures and red tape often lead to delays in fund disbursement and execution of projects. For example, the delay in the impRead more
Effective Utilization of Public Funds: Issues and Implications
**1. Reasons for Under-Utilization and Mis-Utilization
a. Bureaucratic Inefficiency:
Cumbersome administrative procedures and red tape often lead to delays in fund disbursement and execution of projects. For example, the delay in the implementation of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) has been partly attributed to bureaucratic hurdles.
b. Corruption and Mismanagement:
Corruption and lack of accountability can result in funds being siphoned off or misused. A notable case is the 2020 PM CARES Fund controversy, where allegations of mismanagement and lack of transparency were raised regarding the allocation and use of funds.
c. Lack of Proper Planning and Monitoring:
Inadequate planning and oversight can lead to inefficient use of resources. For instance, the smart city projects in India have faced criticism for delays and cost overruns due to poor planning and monitoring.
**2. Implications
a. Stalled Development:
Under-utilization and mis-utilization of funds can impede progress on development projects, affecting infrastructure, health, and education. For example, delays in the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) have led to slower progress in providing affordable housing.
b. Erosion of Public Trust:
Mismanagement of public funds erodes trust in government institutions and reduces public confidence in developmental programs, as seen in the criticism faced by several welfare schemes.
c. Economic Inefficiency:
Inefficient use of resources leads to wastage and economic inefficiency, ultimately affecting the overall development goals and hindering growth.
Addressing these issues requires streamlined administrative processes, stringent anti-corruption measures, and effective monitoring mechanisms to ensure that public funds are used efficiently to meet development objectives.
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