What are the major Intellectual Rights Protections enjoyed by the creator of an original work? What is the concept of modicum of creativity?
Over the past two centuries, the phenomenon of extrajudicial killings has reflected a persistent tension between the demand for swift justice and the imperative of due legal process. Initially sporadic, these killings became more systematic as societies grappled with crime waves, political instabiliRead more
Over the past two centuries, the phenomenon of extrajudicial killings has reflected a persistent tension between the demand for swift justice and the imperative of due legal process. Initially sporadic, these killings became more systematic as societies grappled with crime waves, political instability, and challenges to governance. Calls for expedient justice often arose from public frustration with perceived inefficiencies in the judicial system and the belief that swift and severe actions could deter crime effectively.
However, the practice of extrajudicial killings has been widely criticized for undermining the rule of law, eroding trust in institutions, and violating human rights. The issue has been exacerbated by technological advancements that both enable law enforcement capabilities and increase scrutiny on abuses of power. International human rights frameworks and civil society movements have played crucial roles in advocating for accountability and legal reforms, pushing governments to uphold due process and protect human dignity.
As societies evolve, the debate continues to evolve, balancing the need for effective law enforcement with respect for fundamental rights. The trajectory of extrajudicial killings underscores the ongoing challenge of reconciling the demand for swift justice with the imperative of maintaining a fair and transparent legal system that upholds human rights for all.
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The major intellectual rights protections enjoyed by the creator of an original work typically include: Copyright: Copyright protection grants the creator exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, perform, display, and create derivative works based on their original work. It applies to literary, arRead more
The major intellectual rights protections enjoyed by the creator of an original work typically include:
- Copyright: Copyright protection grants the creator exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, perform, display, and create derivative works based on their original work. It applies to literary, artistic, musical, and dramatic works, as well as software, films, and other creative expressions. Copyright protection automatically applies upon creation of the work in a tangible form (e.g., writing, recording, or saving to a disk), and typically lasts for the life of the author plus 50 or 70 years, depending on the jurisdiction.
- Patents: Patents protect inventions and grant the creator exclusive rights to make, use, sell, and import their invention for a limited period, usually 20 years from the filing date of the patent application. Inventions must be novel, non-obvious, and useful to qualify for patent protection.
- Trademarks: Trademarks protect distinctive signs, symbols, logos, or words used by businesses to distinguish their goods or services from others in the marketplace. Trademark rights prevent others from using similar marks in a way that could cause confusion among consumers.
- Trade Secrets: Trade secrets protect confidential business information, such as formulas, processes, techniques, or customer lists, that provide a competitive advantage. Unlike patents, trade secrets do not expire as long as they remain confidential and are properly protected.
See lessRegarding the concept of “modicum of creativity,” it refers to the level of originality or creativity required for a work to qualify for copyright protection. In most jurisdictions, including the United States, copyright protection extends to original works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible medium of expression. Originality does not require that the work be novel or unique in an absolute sense; rather, it must be independently created by the author and possess at least a minimal degree of creativity.
The “modicum of creativity” standard is relatively low and typically excludes works that are merely mechanical or trivial. However, it does not require that the work be groundbreaking or innovative. For example, a short poem, a simple drawing, or a basic piece of software code can meet the threshold of originality and qualify for copyright protection as long as it reflects some creative effort by the author.