BPSC Mains PYQs

Uneven Development Among Indian States: Socio-Economic and Political Challenges in Bihar

India’s states show significant differences in development, creating various socio-economic and political issues. Bihar, one of the least developed states, provides a case study of how these disparities contribute to social challenges and migration pressures.

1. Socio-Economic Issues

• High Poverty Levels: Bihar has consistently high poverty rates, with limited industrialization and employment opportunities.
• Migration: Due to lack of jobs and lower wages, there’s a large-scale migration of labor from Bihar to more developed states like Maharashtra and Delhi. This creates a “brain drain” and a workforce imbalance.

2. Education and Health Disparities

• Low Literacy Rate: Bihar has a lower literacy rate than the national average, with limited access to quality education, which impacts its workforce’s skill level.
• Healthcare Challenges: Poor health infrastructure and resources lead to substandard healthcare, affecting overall productivity and quality of life.

3. Political and Governance Issues

• Governance Challenges: Weak governance structures and frequent political instability have impacted Bihar’s development, limiting effective implementation of policies.
• Dependency on Central Support: Due to its weak tax base, Bihar relies heavily on central government assistance, which restricts its financial autonomy and development.

Impact on India as a Whole

Uneven development has fostered competitive federalism, with states like Bihar struggling to keep up. This contributes to growing inequality and stresses urban infrastructure in developed states due to migration, affecting social cohesion across India.

The Role of the President of India: An Evaluation

The President of India holds a unique role within India’s democratic framework, often likened to the respected elder in a family. Although the President is officially the head of state, many of their powers are exercised only with the advice and approval of the elected government.

1. Constitutional Powers of the President

• Executive Powers: The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces and oversees major appointments, such as the Prime Minister, judges, and governors.
• Legislative Powers: Can summon or dissolve Parliament, and gives final assent to bills, which is essential to enact laws.
• Judicial and Diplomatic Powers: Includes appointing judges and representing India internationally.

2. Role in Practice

• Bound by Advice: The President acts based on the advice of the Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister. If the President disagrees, they may ask for reconsideration, but if the Council insists, the President is constitutionally obliged to comply.
• Guardian of the Constitution: While largely a ceremonial role, the President can act as a guardian during constitutional crises or in rare situations where government actions conflict with the constitution.

3. Challenges and Limitations

• Limited Independent Power: Like an elder with wisdom but limited authority, the President cannot override the decisions of the elected government unless constitutional norms are at risk.
• Moral Authority: The President’s influence often stems from moral authority rather than practical power. This position provides guidance but is effective only if the “young members” (government officials) respect this authority.

Example: President’s Role in a Hung Parliament

In case of a hung Parliament, the President may play a decisive role in selecting the Prime Minister, exercising discretion. However, this influence is rare and typically comes into play only when political structures are unstable.

India-EU Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA)

The India-European Union (EU) Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) is a proposed trade deal aimed at boosting economic ties between India and the EU. Negotiations began in 2007 but have faced challenges over issues like market access, labor rights, and data protection. Below are the main components and sticking points of the agreement.

Key Objectives

• Trade Liberalization: Aims to reduce tariffs and facilitate smoother trade between India and the EU, covering sectors like pharmaceuticals, textiles, and agriculture.
• Investment Flow: Encourages cross-border investments by reducing barriers, enhancing mutual access for businesses, and providing safeguards for investors.

Major Issues in Negotiations

• Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers: The EU seeks lower tariffs on cars, alcohol, and dairy products, while India wants more flexible access for its pharmaceuticals and textiles.
• Intellectual Property Rights: The EU requests stronger IP protections, while India is concerned about access to affordable medicines.
• Data Privacy and Digital Trade: Differences exist over data localization requirements and privacy standards, with the EU advocating for strict data protection laws.

Current Status

As of recent discussions, India and the EU have agreed to resume negotiations, with hopes of bridging gaps to finalize the agreement, which could significantly strengthen economic and strategic ties.