BPSC Mains PYQs

Champaran Satyagraha:

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 marked a turning point in India’s struggle for independence. It was the first significant civil disobedience movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and highlighted the oppressive policies of British rule. Here’s a detailed examination of its causes, outcomes, and broader significance:

Causes of the Champaran Satyagraha

1. Tinkathia System:
   • Under this system, farmers in Champaran (Bihar) were forced by British planters to grow indigo on 3/20th of their land.
   • Farmers faced economic ruin due to declining indigo prices and the shift to synthetic dyes in Europe.
   • The British planters often levied unfair taxes and extracted illegal payments from the farmers.
2. Peasant Suffering:
   • Exploitation by planters caused severe economic distress.
   • Many farmers were unable to cultivate food crops due to the forced cultivation of indigo, leading to hunger and poverty.
3. Invitation to Gandhi:
   • Local leaders like Rajkumar Shukla invited Gandhi to Champaran to investigate and support the farmers’ cause.

Gandhi’s Role and Actions

• Fact-Finding Mission:
  • Gandhi arrived in Champaran and collected testimonies from thousands of peasants about their exploitation.
  • Despite attempts by British authorities to intimidate him, Gandhi continued his inquiry.
• Civil Disobedience:
  • Gandhi defied a British court order to leave the district, emphasizing his commitment to truth and justice.
  • His non-violent resistance garnered widespread support among locals.
• Formation of a Committee:
  • The British government formed a committee to address the issue, with Gandhi as a member.
  • He successfully argued for the abolition of the Tinkathia system and partial compensation for farmers.

Results of the Champaran Satyagraha

1. Abolition of Tinkathia:
   • The exploitative system was officially ended, providing much-needed relief to the peasants.
2. Empowering Peasants:
   • The movement instilled confidence in the rural masses and demonstrated that collective non-violent resistance could bring change.
3. Rise of Gandhi:
   • Champaran established Gandhi as a leader of the national movement, marking the beginning of his journey as a mass mobilizer.

Significance in India’s Freedom Struggle

• Shift in Strategy:
  • The Satyagraha introduced non-violence and civil disobedience as effective tools against British oppression.
  • It set the tone for future mass movements, including the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Salt March.
• Focus on Rural India:
  • Champaran highlighted the plight of rural India and brought the masses into the fold of the freedom struggle.
• Moral Victory:
  • The movement showed that Indians could challenge British authority without resorting to violence.

Broader Perspective: Why Champaran is a Watershed Moment

The Champaran Satyagraha was not just a local revolt but a symbolic victory for Indian nationalism. It bridged the gap between urban and rural struggles and demonstrated the power of truth and non-violence. This success laid the foundation for future movements and gave peasants a voice in the national narrative​.

The statement highlights the crucial relationship between population growth and economic development in India. While economic development is a multifaceted concept that includes improvements in infrastructure, healthcare, education, and living standards, the growth of population plays a central role in determining the true potential of this development.

1. Rapid Population Growth and Its Impact on Economic Development

India is the second most populous country in the world, with an estimated population of over 1.4 billion people as of 2023. The rapid increase in population, particularly over the last few decades, has significant implications for economic growth.

• Strain on Resources: A growing population puts immense pressure on resources like land, water, and food. It can outpace the growth in agricultural production and infrastructure development.
  • Example: Despite the Green Revolution and advancements in agriculture, food security remains a challenge in many parts of India, as the growing population demands more food, while the availability of arable land is limited.
• Employment and Unemployment: A high population growth rate leads to an increase in the labor force, but the economy may not be able to create sufficient jobs for everyone. This can lead to high unemployment rates, even in times of economic growth.
  • Example: In India, the unemployment rate remains a concern, with millions of young people entering the labor force every year. Without adequate job creation, this demographic bulge can lead to social unrest and reduced economic productivity.
• Poverty and Inequality: Rapid population growth can exacerbate issues of poverty and inequality. The distribution of wealth may not keep pace with population increases, leading to widening income gaps.
  • Example: While India has seen impressive economic growth, poverty remains widespread, with over 270 million people living below the poverty line (according to the World Bank). A growing population means more people are affected by poverty, making it difficult to fully realize the benefits of economic progress.

2. Demographic Dividend vs. Demographic Burden

India’s large population is often described as a demographic dividend—a young workforce that could fuel economic growth. However, if this young population is not provided with sufficient opportunities for education, skill development, and employment, it can become a demographic burden.

• Education and Skill Development: The success of India’s youth bulge in contributing to economic development depends on education and skills training. If these needs are not addressed, the large workforce will struggle to find productive employment.
  • Example: Despite improvements in education, India’s literacy rate is still about 77%, and many people lack the skills needed for modern industries.
• Urbanization and Infrastructure: Rapid urbanization due to population growth requires massive investments in infrastructure such as housing, sanitation, roads, and healthcare. Without these investments, the quality of life for many citizens will remain low, limiting overall economic development.
  • Example: Cities like Delhi and Mumbai face serious challenges related to overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate infrastructure, which hinder economic progress.

3. Environmental and Ecological Challenges

The growing population also contributes to environmental degradation. Increased demand for land, water, and energy leads to deforestation, water scarcity, and air pollution. These environmental problems can impede long-term economic growth by reducing the availability of vital resources.

• Resource Depletion: The depletion of natural resources due to overconsumption can undermine agricultural and industrial output.
  • Example: The Aral Sea crisis and groundwater depletion in India are examples of how overuse of resources can lead to environmental collapse and impact economic growth.

4. Population Control Measures

In response to these challenges, India has made efforts to control its population growth through various programs, including family planning initiatives and awareness campaigns.

• Family Planning Programs: India’s National Population Policy of 2000 aimed at stabilizing the population by promoting family planning and contraceptive use.
  • Example: The Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) scheme provides financial assistance to women giving birth in healthcare facilities, encouraging smaller family sizes and improving maternal health.
• Public Awareness: Government and NGO efforts to raise awareness about the benefits of family planning and smaller families have had some positive effects, but challenges remain in rural areas where the birth rate is still high.

5. The True Perspective of Economic Development

The relationship between population growth and economic development is complex. On one hand, a growing population offers potential benefits such as a larger workforce, but on the other hand, it can also hinder development if not managed effectively.

• Economic Development Needs a Balance: While controlling population growth is important, India also needs policies to improve resource management, create jobs, and invest in education and healthcare to ensure that the growing population can benefit from economic progress.
  • Example: Countries like China and South Korea have demonstrated how investments in human capital and infrastructure can turn a large population into an economic advantage.

Conclusion

The statement that “unless the growth of population in India is checked, the economic development cannot be judged in its true perspective” is valid to some extent. A rapidly growing population presents significant challenges to economic development in India. However, simply controlling population growth is not enough. India must focus on improving education, creating employment, managing resources efficiently, and ensuring that the benefits of growth reach all sections of society. Only through a balanced approach can India truly harness the potential of its population while ensuring sustainable economic development.