BPSC Mains PYQs

The uneven development among Indian states has resulted in multiple socio-economic and political issues, especially for states like Bihar. India’s economic growth and infrastructure development are highly concentrated in specific regions, leaving states such as Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand significantly behind. This disparity has far-reaching consequences for quality of life, migration, and regional stability.

Causes of Uneven Development

1. Historical Factors
   • Certain states have historically benefitted from better infrastructure, educational institutions, and industries. For example, states like Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu had early access to ports, attracting investments and enabling faster industrialization. Bihar, on the other hand, remained primarily agrarian with less industrial focus during colonial times and post-independence​
2. Resource Distribution and Investment Patterns
   • Investment patterns have been unequal across states, with central policies often favoring regions with more developed industrial bases. As a result, states like Bihar have lagged in industrial growth and infrastructure investment, limiting employment opportunities and economic diversification​.
3. Governance and Policy Implementation
   • Effective governance is a significant factor in regional development. Bihar has faced issues with political instability, corruption, and lack of robust policy implementation, further hindering its economic progress. In contrast, states like Gujarat and Karnataka have adopted pro-business policies and attracted foreign direct investment, fostering faster development​

Socio-Economic Problems Stemming from Uneven Development

1. High Migration Rates
   • Due to limited job opportunities, a large portion of Bihar’s population migrates to more developed states, such as Maharashtra, Punjab, and Delhi, in search of work. This migration strains resources in host states, and migrants often face discrimination and exploitation in unfamiliar environments.
   • This trend also leads to a “brain drain” in Bihar, where skilled workers leave the state, further slowing its progress and development.
2. Poor Quality of Life
   • Lack of infrastructure and economic growth leads to substandard living conditions in less-developed states. Bihar, for instance, faces challenges like inadequate healthcare, poor educational facilities, and insufficient housing.
   • The Human Development Index (HDI) of Bihar remains one of the lowest among Indian states, with high poverty rates and poor access to essential services impacting the overall quality of life​
3. Competitive Federalism and Regional Inequality
   • With states competing to attract investments, richer states have managed to pull ahead, creating a widening gap. This “competitive federalism” tends to favor already developed states, as they can offer better incentives to businesses, leaving states like Bihar further marginalized.
   • Additionally, this inequality can lead to political discontent and demands for greater autonomy or special financial packages for underdeveloped states to bridge the development gap.

Political Issues Due to Regional Disparities

1. Demand for Special Status
   • Bihar has repeatedly demanded “special category status” to receive additional central funds and tax benefits to support development. Although this demand has been considered, it remains a point of political contention as more developed states resist reallocation of resources.
2. Rise in Regional Political Movements
   • Uneven development has fueled regional political movements, with leaders in underdeveloped states calling for greater regional autonomy or more financial support from the center. This can lead to political instability and conflicts within the federal structure​
3. Social Unrest and Crime
   • Economic disparity can lead to social unrest, with people resorting to crime or joining insurgent groups due to lack of opportunities. Bihar has historically witnessed high crime rates, often linked to socio-economic issues and limited employment opportunities within the state.

Possible Solutions to Address Uneven Development

1. Focused Central Investment in Lagging States
   • The central government can allocate more resources for infrastructure projects, like roads, railways, and industrial corridors, in underdeveloped states to attract investment and generate employment.
2. Promoting Inclusive Federalism
   • Instead of competitive federalism, fostering cooperative federalism can help. For instance, policies that ensure equitable distribution of resources, grants, and tax incentives for backward states can create a more balanced development model.
3. Encouraging Local Industry and Employment Opportunities
   • States like Bihar can focus on developing sectors like agriculture-based industries, handicrafts, and tourism, which leverage local resources and create jobs without requiring large-scale infrastructure​

India’s federal structure is often described as “quasi-federal” or “unitary with federal features,” meaning that while it recognizes and incorporates federalism, it leans significantly towards central authority. This orientation toward the central government is rooted in the Constitution of India, which establishes a framework that allows the Union (central government) to exercise considerable control over the states in various areas.

Key Constitutional Provisions Supporting Central Orientation

1. Division of Powers (Union, State, and Concurrent Lists)
   • • The Constitution provides three lists in the Seventh Schedule:
       • Union List: Contains subjects on which only the central government can legislate, including defense, foreign affairs, and atomic energy.
       • State List: Contains subjects under the states’ jurisdiction, like police and public health.
       • Concurrent List: Allows both the central and state governments to legislate, but in case of a conflict, central laws prevail.
     • This structure gives the central government the final say on several key subjects, particularly in the Concurrent List, tilting the balance of power towards the center​
2. Power to Override State Laws
   • Article 254 allows central laws to override state laws on Concurrent List subjects if there is a conflict.
   • The President can also withhold assent to state bills, further empowering the central government to control state legislation.
3. Emergency Provisions
   • The Constitution provides the President with significant powers to declare emergencies (Articles 352, 356, and 360):
     • National Emergency (Article 352): Expands the power of the center over states, allowing Parliament to legislate on all subjects.
     • President’s Rule (Article 356): Allows the central government to take over a state’s administration if it fails to function according to constitutional provisions.
     • Financial Emergency (Article 360): Enables the center to control state financial matters.
   • These provisions allow the central government to intervene in state affairs and even take direct control under extraordinary circumstances​
4. Role of the Governor
   • Governors, appointed by the President, serve as the central government’s representatives in states. They have powers to:
     • Reserve certain bills for the President’s assent.
     • Send reports to the President recommending President’s Rule under Article 356.
   • This role often makes governors an instrument of central influence in states, as they are not elected by the state​
5. Residual Powers
   • In cases where powers are not specified in the Union, State, or Concurrent Lists, the central government retains control. Unlike other federal systems, where residual powers are often left to the states, the central government in India has these powers, further centralizing authority.

Reasons Behind Central Dominance in Indian Federalism

1. Historical Context
   • India’s choice of a strong center emerged from the challenges of unifying diverse regions post-independence and dealing with partition. A strong central government was seen as necessary for national unity and stability.
2. Preventing Regional Disparities
   • With varying levels of development across states, a central authority helps ensure balanced development and address inequalities, such as providing special assistance to states with weaker economies.
3. Maintaining National Integrity
   • The center’s authority is also geared toward protecting national security and unity, particularly given the linguistic, cultural, and ethnic diversity of the states. This was a significant factor in the framers’ decision to centralize certain powers.

Criticisms and Challenges

• Critics argue that India’s federal structure overly empowers the central government, sometimes limiting states’ ability to manage local issues effectively. This can create tension, especially when state governments are led by opposition parties.
• Some states have called for a more balanced distribution of powers and greater financial autonomy, as seen in debates surrounding the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council and revenue sharing.

The President of India, as the head of state, holds an esteemed and authoritative position in the country’s governance. However, in practice, the President’s powers are mostly symbolic or limited due to the structure of India’s parliamentary democracy. This scenario can indeed be likened to an elderly figure in a family, respected and revered, but often unable to take direct action without the support of the “young members”—in this case, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

Constitutional Powers of the President

• Executive Powers: The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces, appoints the Prime Minister, and has the power to call or dissolve the Parliament. However, these powers are largely exercised based on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, per Article 74 of the Constitution​
• Legislative Powers: The President has the power to summon and prorogue Parliament sessions, give assent to bills, and can issue ordinances when Parliament is not in session. But, in most cases, these legislative actions are guided by the government’s decisions.
• Judicial Powers: The President has certain judicial powers, such as granting pardons. Even here, these decisions often rely on recommendations from the relevant departments.

Limitations of the President’s Role

• Bound by Advice: The Constitution mandates that the President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers. Although the President may request reconsideration, once the Council reaffirms its advice, the President is constitutionally bound to follow it. This can limit independent decision-making.
• Ceremonial Role: Many functions performed by the President are ceremonial, such as representing India at foreign events or hosting dignitaries. This symbolic role is crucial for the unity of the state but does not entail direct political power.

Instances of Assertive Presidential Actions

While generally bound by ministerial advice, some Presidents have exercised their discretion under exceptional circumstances:

• Refusal to Sign Ordinances: Presidents like Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam have questioned certain ordinances, asking for reconsideration by the government. While the President ultimately cannot reject the bill if re-presented, this step can influence governmental reconsideration.
• Role in Government Formation: When no party has a clear majority, the President can exercise discretion in inviting a leader to form the government, as seen during various coalition governments in India. This allows the President some level of influence, albeit temporary.

Comparison to a Family Elder

In many ways, the President’s role resembles an elder in a family:

• Authority with Limitations: Just as an elder may have authority but lacks direct control over young members, the President’s powers are significant in theory but are largely advisory or ceremonial in practice.
• Respect and Symbolic Power: The President is a figure of respect and national unity, much like a respected elder who holds a family together symbolically, even if not actively involved in daily decisions.
• Ability to Influence but Not Control: Like an elder who can advise but cannot enforce, the President can suggest or question government actions but cannot overrule the decisions of the Prime Minister and ministers.

Floods and droughts have consistently posed severe challenges to Bihar’s growth, disrupting agriculture, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Science and technology offer valuable solutions to mitigate the impacts of these natural disasters and improve disaster management in Bihar.

1. Early Warning Systems

• Advanced technology allows for timely predictions of extreme weather events, helping Bihar prepare for floods and droughts. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and Central Water Commission (CWC) employ tools such as Doppler radar, satellite imagery, and meteorological data to issue warnings and track monsoon patterns. These systems are essential for communities in high-risk areas like northern Bihar, which is vulnerable to rivers originating in Nepal that flood during the monsoon season.

2. Prediction and Forecasting Models

• Short- and long-term weather forecasts, including flood forecasting by the CWC, help authorities monitor water levels in rivers and predict flood severity. Predictive models combined with satellite technology provide essential information to make proactive decisions regarding flood control and response, lessening the damage to crops, homes, and infrastructure.

3. Monitoring and Surveillance

• Drones and satellite imagery, supported by organizations like ISRO, provide real-time assessments of flood-affected areas, allowing the government to direct resources more effectively. Bihar has partnered with ISRO to monitor and respond to flood and drought conditions by using satellites like Cartosat-2 and Oceansat-2, which provide high-resolution images critical for assessing the scale and severity of disasters.

4. Hazard Mapping and Risk Assessment

• Science-based hazard mapping, conducted by agencies like the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), identifies areas most at risk of floods and droughts. This information informs urban planning and infrastructure development, enabling Bihar to focus on building flood-resistant structures and establishing emergency resources in vulnerable regions.

5. Communication and Information Dissemination

• The state uses mobile apps and social media for early warnings and public alerts. For instance, the Bihar government developed the Indravajra app, which sends alerts about lightning risks. Digital communication tools ensure that accurate, real-time information reaches remote areas, helping communities prepare for extreme weather.

6. Infrastructure Development

• Science and engineering advancements aid in developing resilient infrastructure. For example, river embankments in flood-prone areas are fortified with durable materials, while geo-textiles are used for protecting riverbanks against erosion. Projects like interlinking Bihar’s rivers, such as the Kosi-Mechi link, aim to balance water resources, reducing both flood and drought risks.

7. Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction

• Innovative technology like 3D printing can expedite the reconstruction of damaged structures. With faster production of replacement parts for damaged infrastructure, 3D printing offers a cost-effective approach to restoring essential facilities. This technology can significantly reduce recovery time and help communities rebuild after severe weather events.

India has strengthened its defense capabilities significantly under the “Make in India” initiative, which aims to enhance self-reliance in defense through indigenous development and production of advanced military technology. Here’s an overview of key scientific advancements under this program that have contributed to India’s defense and security:

1. Indigenous Weapon Systems

The Indian government has launched and indigenized several critical defense platforms:

• Missile Systems: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed various missile systems such as the BrahMos, a supersonic cruise missile co-developed with Russia, and Agni series ballistic missiles. These systems bolster India’s defense and deterrence capabilities, showcasing advancements in both technology and strategic deterrence.
• Missile Testing Facility: A new missile testing range has been approved in Andhra Pradesh, providing critical infrastructure for testing advanced missiles domestically and minimizing dependence on foreign test facilities.

2. Aerospace Advancements

• Fighter Aircraft: The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, designed and developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), strengthens India’s air defense. It has been approved for induction by the Indian Air Force, reducing reliance on imported fighter jets.
• Drones and Surveillance: India has introduced the MQ-9B Predator drones from the U.S., which enhance maritime surveillance, target engagement, and anti-submarine operations. Efforts are underway to develop indigenous drone technology, addressing critical operational requirements in border security.

3. Naval Power

• Nuclear Submarines: India is building indigenous nuclear-powered submarines like the INS Arihant series, crucial for strategic deterrence in the Indian Ocean. These submarines enhance underwater combat capabilities, supporting maritime security and addressing regional threats.
• Warships and Carriers: The INS Vikrant, India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, symbolizes technological progress and strengthens India’s maritime presence.

4. Armored and Ground Systems

• Main Battle Tanks: India has upgraded its armored capabilities with indigenously designed tanks like the Arjun MBT and modernized the existing T-90 Bhishma tanks. These advancements increase the Army’s ground combat power, particularly along challenging terrains.
• Advanced Communication and Surveillance: Enhanced command and control systems, including real-time tracking and perimeter protection systems, have been implemented to support internal and border security.

5. Defense Manufacturing and Strategic Policy Support

• Defense Industrial Corridors: The establishment of corridors in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh has attracted investment, boosted local defense manufacturing, and created jobs, bringing a regional focus to defense production.
• Strategic Partnerships and FDI: Policies have encouraged partnerships with global defense firms, allowing for knowledge transfer and technological advancement. Additionally, foreign direct investment (FDI) has been liberalized, with up to 74% allowed through the automatic route, enhancing defense production capabilities.

6. Boost to Domestic Industry

• The Positive Indigenization Lists include items that must be sourced domestically, banning the import of 700+ defense items, including ammunition, electronic systems, and aircraft components. This policy ensures demand for Indian manufacturers, fostering the growth of domestic industries, including Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).

India’s commitment to self-reliance in defense is evident in these developments, contributing to improved national security and reducing dependency on foreign arms. With a focus on technology, partnerships, and indigenization, India is well-positioned to become a key player in global defense production.

These initiatives and achievements illustrate the broad impact of the Make in India program on defense, from equipment to industry policy, underscoring India’s resolve to achieve technological sovereignty in defense.