BPSC Mains PYQs

India’s economic planning began with the First Five-Year Plan in 1951, with the aim of developing a mixed economy that balanced both public and private sectors. Over the decades, India’s Five-Year Plans, guided by the Planning Commission (later replaced by the NITI Aayog in 2015), focused on key sectors such as agriculture, industry, and services. The achievements of Indian economic planning can be evaluated in terms of economic growth, infrastructure development, and social welfare.

1. Growth in National Income

• Economic Growth: One of the significant outcomes of Indian economic planning was sustained growth in national income. For example, the First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956) aimed at increasing the country’s agricultural output, while subsequent plans focused on industrialization and service sectors. By the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-1985), India’s GDP growth rate improved significantly.
  • Example: India’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of about 6% during the 1980s, which was considered good at the time.
• Industrialization: Economic planning in India contributed to a substantial increase in industrial output, especially in the public sector. Key industries like steel, cement, and machinery were developed, with public sector enterprises like BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd) and SAIL (Steel Authority of India Ltd) emerging as crucial players in India’s industrial landscape.

2. Agricultural Development and Food Security

• Green Revolution: The Green Revolution of the 1960s, implemented during the Third Five-Year Plan, was one of the most important achievements of Indian economic planning. The use of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, and better irrigation techniques increased the production of cereals, particularly wheat and rice.
  • Example: India’s food grain production increased from 82 million tons in 1961 to 204 million tons by 2000.
  • Impact: This development helped India move from being a food-deficient country to achieving food security and even exporting food grains to other countries.
• Irrigation Projects: Planning also focused on expanding irrigation networks, which helped increase agricultural productivity. Projects like the Bhakra Nangal Dam and the Indira Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan contributed significantly to this growth.

3. Infrastructure Development

• Transport and Communication: Indian planning focused heavily on infrastructure development. The expansion of road networks, railways, airports, and telecommunication systems significantly contributed to the growth of the economy.
  • Example: The Golden Quadrilateral project, which connected major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai, greatly improved India’s transportation infrastructure.
• Energy Sector: India also saw an expansion of its power generation capacity during the planning years. Power generation from thermal, hydroelectric, and nuclear sources increased significantly.
  • Example: The Nuclear Power Program, which began in the 1950s, led to the establishment of several nuclear power plants in the country.

4. Social Development and Welfare Programs

• Health and Education: Economic planning helped improve India’s healthcare and education sectors, though challenges remain. Various plans focused on building schools, hospitals, and other social infrastructure to improve the living standards of citizens.
  • Example: The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) launched during the Tenth Five-Year Plan aimed at improving health services in rural areas.
• Poverty Alleviation: The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1979) introduced programs like Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) to tackle poverty and promote rural development. This helped lift millions of people out of poverty.
  • Example: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) introduced during the Twelfth Plan (2012-2017) aimed at increasing financial inclusion, particularly in rural areas.

5. Self-Reliance in Key Sectors

• Industrialization and Self-reliance: The Indian government adopted a strategy of self-reliance through the promotion of key industries, which led to India becoming less dependent on foreign countries for essential goods.
  • Example: The establishment of public sector undertakings (PSUs) in sectors like steel, heavy engineering, and defense manufacturing helped India develop its indigenous industrial base.

6. Focus on Human Development

• Human Development Index (HDI): Indian economic planning also contributed to better living standards for the population, though the country’s HDI ranking remains lower than many developed nations. Improvements in areas such as life expectancy, literacy, and access to basic amenities like clean water and sanitation have been crucial.
  • Example: India’s HDI score improved over the decades, from 0.398 in 1970 to 0.645 in 2019 (according to UNDP reports).

Challenges and Criticism

While Indian economic planning has led to several achievements, it has faced challenges:

• Population Growth: The rapid population growth often overshadowed the achievements of economic planning. India’s population surged from around 350 million in 1951 to 1.3 billion in 2020, making it difficult to meet all the goals set by various plans.
• Regional Disparities: Economic development has not been uniform across the country. While some regions, particularly urban areas, have prospered, rural areas still face significant challenges like poverty, illiteracy, and lack of basic infrastructure.
• Dependency on Agriculture: Despite the Green Revolution, India’s economy remains heavily dependent on agriculture, and this sector still faces challenges like poor irrigation, low productivity, and vulnerability to climatic changes.

Conclusion

Indian economic planning has been successful in many ways, especially in industrial development, agriculture, infrastructure, and poverty alleviation. However, challenges such as uneven development, poverty, and inadequate social welfare systems persist. The planning process has evolved, and while it helped India become a growing economy, the country now faces the task of shifting towards more sustainable and inclusive growth strategies in the modern context.

Champaran Satyagraha:

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 marked a turning point in India’s struggle for independence. It was the first significant civil disobedience movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and highlighted the oppressive policies of British rule. Here’s a detailed examination of its causes, outcomes, and broader significance:

Causes of the Champaran Satyagraha

1. Tinkathia System:
   • Under this system, farmers in Champaran (Bihar) were forced by British planters to grow indigo on 3/20th of their land.
   • Farmers faced economic ruin due to declining indigo prices and the shift to synthetic dyes in Europe.
   • The British planters often levied unfair taxes and extracted illegal payments from the farmers.
2. Peasant Suffering:
   • Exploitation by planters caused severe economic distress.
   • Many farmers were unable to cultivate food crops due to the forced cultivation of indigo, leading to hunger and poverty.
3. Invitation to Gandhi:
   • Local leaders like Rajkumar Shukla invited Gandhi to Champaran to investigate and support the farmers’ cause.

Gandhi’s Role and Actions

• Fact-Finding Mission:
  • Gandhi arrived in Champaran and collected testimonies from thousands of peasants about their exploitation.
  • Despite attempts by British authorities to intimidate him, Gandhi continued his inquiry.
• Civil Disobedience:
  • Gandhi defied a British court order to leave the district, emphasizing his commitment to truth and justice.
  • His non-violent resistance garnered widespread support among locals.
• Formation of a Committee:
  • The British government formed a committee to address the issue, with Gandhi as a member.
  • He successfully argued for the abolition of the Tinkathia system and partial compensation for farmers.

Results of the Champaran Satyagraha

1. Abolition of Tinkathia:
   • The exploitative system was officially ended, providing much-needed relief to the peasants.
2. Empowering Peasants:
   • The movement instilled confidence in the rural masses and demonstrated that collective non-violent resistance could bring change.
3. Rise of Gandhi:
   • Champaran established Gandhi as a leader of the national movement, marking the beginning of his journey as a mass mobilizer.

Significance in India’s Freedom Struggle

• Shift in Strategy:
  • The Satyagraha introduced non-violence and civil disobedience as effective tools against British oppression.
  • It set the tone for future mass movements, including the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Salt March.
• Focus on Rural India:
  • Champaran highlighted the plight of rural India and brought the masses into the fold of the freedom struggle.
• Moral Victory:
  • The movement showed that Indians could challenge British authority without resorting to violence.

Broader Perspective: Why Champaran is a Watershed Moment

The Champaran Satyagraha was not just a local revolt but a symbolic victory for Indian nationalism. It bridged the gap between urban and rural struggles and demonstrated the power of truth and non-violence. This success laid the foundation for future movements and gave peasants a voice in the national narrative​.