BPSC Mains PYQs

Spread of Western Education in Bihar (1858-1914)

The period between 1858 and 1914 saw significant changes in the educational landscape of Bihar, largely driven by the introduction of Western education under British colonial rule. This era marked the beginning of modern education systems, which included not only formal schooling but also the promotion of English and scientific education.

Key Developments in Western Education in Bihar

1. Introduction of English Education:
   • The British colonial administration prioritized English as the medium of instruction, which led to the growth of English schools and colleges across Bihar.
   • Institutions like Patna College (established in 1863) played a crucial role in promoting Western education and served as a center for higher learning​.
2. Government Schools and Colleges:
   • By the late 19th century, various schools were established by the British, including primary and secondary schools, to spread Western ideas, scientific knowledge, and the English language. These schools were generally aimed at educating the upper classes and the children of affluent families.
   • The establishment of Patna University (1917) and other such institutions was part of the British effort to create a more educated elite who could serve in administrative roles​.
3. Educational Reforms:
   • The British introduced reforms to formalize the education system, like the Wood’s Dispatch of 1854, which laid the foundation for the expansion of schooling in the Indian subcontinent, including Bihar. It advocated for the development of both primary and higher education​.
   • Despite the introduction of these reforms, education during this period remained largely elitist, catering mainly to those who could afford schooling in English or other higher education institutions.
4. Impact of Missionaries:
   • Christian missionaries played a significant role in spreading Western education, particularly in regions of Bihar where they set up schools. These institutions helped spread literacy and education, especially among women and marginalized communities, although they were often met with resistance from traditionalists​.

Challenges and Limitations

• Limited Access: Despite the efforts to spread Western education, access remained limited to urban areas, and rural Bihar saw little to no improvement in education.
• Focus on English: The emphasis on English and Western knowledge often led to a neglect of local languages and indigenous educational traditions.
• Exclusion of Women and Marginalized Groups: The spread of Western education mostly benefited the elite and upper caste communities. The rural poor, especially women, had limited access to these new educational opportunities.

Swami Sahajanand and the Kisan Sabha Movement

Swami Sahajanand Saraswati played a pivotal role in shaping the Kisan Sabha Movement, which emerged as a significant peasant uprising in India during the early 20th century. The movement primarily aimed at addressing the exploitation and injustices faced by the Indian farmers, particularly in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

Background of the Movement

The roots of the Kisan Sabha movement lay in the exploitation of peasants under the colonial British rule. After the 1857 revolt, the power of the taluqdars (landlords) increased, leading to greater oppression of the peasants. Farmers were subjected to high rents, forced labor, and unfair taxes. The situation worsened with the price rise during World War I, further aggravating the farmers’ plight​.

Role of Swami Sahajanand

Swami Sahajanand Saraswati emerged as the key leader of the Kisan Sabha Movement. He was deeply moved by the poor conditions of the peasants and believed that they needed a structured platform to voice their grievances. His leadership provided the Kisan Sabha Movement with a sense of unity and purpose.

In 1929, Swami Sahajanand formed the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS), which aimed to unite farmers across India against the oppressive policies of the landlords and the colonial government. The movement focused on the issues of high rents, land reforms, and the elimination of unfair practices like sharecropping. He emphasized that the liberation of peasants was crucial for India’s independence and overall social and economic development.

Major Objectives and Impact

• Land Reforms: The Kisan Sabha demanded land reforms to ensure that landless peasants were given a fair share of agricultural land.
• Fair Rent: They called for the abolition of excessive rents and eviction practices that impoverished the farmers.
• Protection from Exploitation: The Kisan Sabha sought protection for farmers against the arbitrary practices of landlords and moneylenders​.

Under Sahajanand’s leadership, the Kisan Sabha Movement expanded rapidly, especially in Bihar, and gained momentum in other regions as well. It helped raise awareness about the exploitation of peasants, and many land reforms were initiated as a result of the movement’s pressure. This also paved the way for future peasant struggles, including the important role of peasants in the Indian freedom struggle​.

Conclusion

The Kisan Sabha Movement, under the guidance of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, marked a turning point in the history of peasant movements in India. It not only highlighted the exploitation of farmers but also laid the foundation for future agricultural reforms. By uniting the peasants and giving them a voice, the movement played a significant role in challenging colonial exploitation and promoting social justice.

Social and Economic Ideas of Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan

Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan were prominent figures in Indian politics, especially known for their contributions to socialism and the empowerment of marginalized groups. While both had unique ideologies, they shared common views on social justice, economic equality, and democratic participation.

Ram Manohar Lohia’s Ideas

1. Socialism and Equality: Lohia advocated for a socialist society where the economic and social gaps between the rich and the poor were eliminated. He believed that economic democracy was essential for achieving social justice, which involved controlling the means of production, distribution, and exchange.
2. Caste and Social Justice: One of Lohia’s significant contributions was his focus on the eradication of the caste system. He believed in reservations for the backward classes and Dalits, and fought for their political empowerment.
3. Anti-colonialism and Nationalism: Lohia was an advocate of a strong, self-reliant India. He opposed the exploitation of India by both colonial powers and the wealthy elites within the country. His idea was to build a system that benefited all sections of society, especially the poorest.
4. Decentralization of Power: He supported decentralization of political power through a strong local government system, which he believed would give ordinary people more control over their lives.

Jayaprakash Narayan’s Ideas

1. Sarvodaya (Upliftment of All): JP’s ideology was centered around the concept of Sarvodaya, meaning “welfare of all”. This was an extension of Gandhian thought, advocating for a society where no one is left behind, economically or socially​.
2. Socialist and Democratic Roots: Like Lohia, JP was a socialist, but his socialism was rooted in democratic ideals. He rejected the authoritarian aspects of Soviet-style socialism and instead advocated for a democratic form of socialism that was both peaceful and non-violent​.
3. Participatory Democracy: JP strongly believed in participatory democracy, where power was not concentrated at the top, but distributed to local communities through the Panchayati Raj system. He emphasized the active involvement of ordinary people in decision-making processes.
4. Economic Reforms: JP was also critical of India’s economic model post-independence, which he felt ignored the needs of the rural population. He believed in land reforms and equal distribution of resources to reduce the gap between the urban and rural poor​.

Common Ideals Between Lohia and JP

• Social Justice: Both leaders strongly believed in equality and advocated for the empowerment of marginalized groups.
• Decentralization: They both pushed for decentralized systems that would empower the grassroots, whether through local panchayats or through reforms that reduced the power of centralized elites.
• Non-violence and Democracy: While they both embraced socialist ideals, they also believed in achieving these through democratic means and were influenced by Gandhi’s principles of non-violence.

Conclusion

In essence, Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan were advocates of a just society where the marginalized and oppressed could live with dignity and equality. Their ideas not only contributed significantly to the socialist thought in India but also laid the foundation for participatory democracy and social reforms that continue to inspire political movements today.