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बिम्सटेक संगठन को स्पष्ट कीजिये। बिम्सटेक देशों के संगठन की हाल में हुए काठमांडू सम्मेलन के परिणामों पर प्रकाश डालिये। भारत के हित, आशाएँ एवं अपेक्षाओं से संबंधित विषयों की विवेचना कीजिये। [63वीं बीपीएससी मुख्य परीक्षा 2017]
बिम्सटेक संगठन: एक स्पष्टता बिम्सटेक (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) एक क्षेत्रीय संगठन है, जिसका उद्देश्य दक्षिण एशिया और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया के देशों के बीच तकनीकी और आर्थिक सहयोग को बढ़ावा देना है। इसकी स्थापना 1997 में हुई थी और इसमें सात सदस्य देशRead more
बिम्सटेक संगठन: एक स्पष्टता
बिम्सटेक (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) एक क्षेत्रीय संगठन है, जिसका उद्देश्य दक्षिण एशिया और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया के देशों के बीच तकनीकी और आर्थिक सहयोग को बढ़ावा देना है। इसकी स्थापना 1997 में हुई थी और इसमें सात सदस्य देश शामिल हैं:
बिम्सटेक का मुख्य उद्देश्य इन देशों के बीच व्यापार, परिवहन, ऊर्जा, पर्यावरण, आपदा प्रबंधन, संस्कृति, और तकनीकी क्षेत्र में सहयोग को बढ़ावा देना है। यह संगठन बंगाल की खाड़ी के क्षेत्र में स्थित है, जो इसकी सामरिक और आर्थिक महत्वपूर्णता को बढ़ाता है।
काठमांडू सम्मेलन 2024 के परिणाम
हाल ही में आयोजित काठमांडू सम्मेलन (2024) में बिम्सटेक देशों के बीच कई महत्वपूर्ण निर्णय लिए गए, जिनका उद्देश्य क्षेत्रीय सहयोग को सुदृढ़ करना था:
भारत के हित, आशाएँ और अपेक्षाएँ
भारत के हित और आशाएँ:
भारत की अपेक्षाएँ और चिंताएँ:
निष्कर्ष:
काठमांडू सम्मेलन से यह स्पष्ट हुआ कि बिम्सटेक देशों के बीच सहयोग बढ़ाने के लिए इच्छाशक्ति है, लेकिन चुनौतियाँ भी मौजूद हैं, जैसे कि संगठन की संस्थागत कमजोरी और सदस्य देशों के बीच विविधताएँ। भारत का इस संगठन में प्रमुख भूमिका निभाने के लिए क्षेत्रीय स्थिरता, आर्थिक विकास और सुरक्षा के लिए अपनी प्रतिबद्धता मजबूत करना महत्वपूर्ण होगा।
See lessDiscuss the causes and results of Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar (1917). [63th BPSC Mains Exam 2017]
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was a significant event in India's struggle for independence, led by Mahatma Gandhi in Bihar. It was the first major civil disobedience movement organized by Gandhi in India, marking a pivotal moment in the country's freedom movement. Causes: Indigo Cultivation ExploRead more
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was a significant event in India’s struggle for independence, led by Mahatma Gandhi in Bihar. It was the first major civil disobedience movement organized by Gandhi in India, marking a pivotal moment in the country’s freedom movement.
Causes:
Results:
- Successful Satyagraha: Gandhi’s peaceful protest led to the formation of an inquiry committee by the British government, which found the allegations against the planters true. The commission granted compensation to the farmers and reduced the land under indigo cultivation.
- Political Awakening: The success of the Champaran Satyagraha galvanized India’s struggle for independence, proving the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance. It also marked the beginning of Gandhi’s involvement in the Indian freedom movement on a larger scale.
See lessExplain the BIMSTEC organization. Throw light on the outcomes of recently concluded Kathmandu Smmit of BIMSTEC countries. Discuss the issues related to India's interests, hopes and grievances. [63th BPSC Mains Exam 2017]
BIMSTEC: BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) is a regional organization comprising seven countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Established in 1997, its primary aim is to foster regional cooperation and integration among member countries acroRead more
BIMSTEC:
BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) is a regional organization comprising seven countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Established in 1997, its primary aim is to foster regional cooperation and integration among member countries across multiple sectors including trade, technology, energy, environment, and people-to-people connectivity. The organization includes the following members:
BIMSTEC serves as a bridge between South Asia and Southeast Asia, given its strategic location in the Bay of Bengal region. It seeks to enhance economic cooperation, promote sustainable development, and address common challenges such as climate change, energy security, and terrorism.
The organization operates through various sectoral groups, which address key areas such as:
Kathmandu Summit (2024): Key Outcomes
The recently concluded BIMSTEC Kathmandu Summit (in 2024) marked an important milestone in the organization’s journey, with several significant outcomes that reflect the collective aspirations and challenges of the member countries. Here are the key highlights:
India’s Interests, Hopes, and Grievances in BIMSTEC
India, as a founding member and the largest economy in BIMSTEC, has several interests and hopes tied to the organization. However, it also faces certain grievances related to the functioning and dynamics of BIMSTEC.
India’s Interests and Hopes
India’s Grievances
Conclusion
BIMSTEC is a vital organization for regional cooperation in the Bay of Bengal region, offering India significant opportunities for economic growth, security cooperation, and geopolitical influence. However, India’s ambitions within BIMSTEC are often tempered by the organization’s slow pace of progress, internal divisions among member states, and external challenges posed by China. The Kathmandu Summit of 2024 highlighted the potential for regional cooperation in areas such as connectivity, security, and climate change, but also underscored the difficulties in translating aspirations into concrete outcomes. India’s role in BIMSTEC remains pivotal, but its grievances regarding the organization’s functionality and external geopolitical factors will continue to shape its approach to the group.
See lessCritically examine the Rohingya Refugee Crisis. Describe the role of Myanmar, China, India and Bangladesh in evolution and resolution of the crisis. Throw light on the viloation of Human Rights in context to Rohingya Refugees. [63th BPSC Mains Exam 2017]
The Rohingya Refugee Crisis is one of the most significant humanitarian crises of the 21st century, rooted in long-standing ethnic, political, and religious tensions in Myanmar, and exacerbated by the international community’s response. This crisis has led to the displacement of hundreds of thousandRead more
The Rohingya Refugee Crisis is one of the most significant humanitarian crises of the 21st century, rooted in long-standing ethnic, political, and religious tensions in Myanmar, and exacerbated by the international community’s response. This crisis has led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Rohingya Muslims, a minority group from Myanmar, across borders into neighboring countries, most notably Bangladesh. The crisis has drawn international attention to the complex interplay of domestic and international factors, including the roles of Myanmar, China, India, and Bangladesh, in both the evolution of the crisis and its ongoing resolution.
Origins and Evolution of the Crisis
The Rohingya are a Muslim ethnic group native to Rakhine State, located in the western part of Myanmar. Despite their long history in the region, the Myanmar government does not recognize the Rohingya as one of the country’s 135 official ethnic groups. They are seen by many in Myanmar, particularly the Buddhist majority, as “illegal immigrants” from neighboring Bangladesh, despite historical evidence of their presence in the region long before the colonial period.
The roots of the crisis lie in systematic persecution, marginalization, and discrimination. The Myanmar government, under both military and civilian rule, has denied the Rohingya citizenship, effectively rendering them stateless. Over the years, they have faced restrictions on movement, education, employment, and access to healthcare. This systematic discrimination culminated in 2017 when the Myanmar military launched a brutal crackdown in Rakhine State, after insurgents from the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) attacked border posts. The response involved mass killings, sexual violence, arson, and the forced displacement of over 700,000 Rohingya to neighboring Bangladesh.
The Role of Myanmar
Myanmar’s role in the crisis is the most direct and controversial. The military, known as the Tatmadaw, has been at the center of the violence, although the civilian government led by Aung San Suu Kyi also faced criticism for its failure to stop the atrocities and its defense of the military’s actions on the international stage.
The military crackdown in 2017, termed “clearance operations,” was described by the United Nations as a campaign of ethnic cleansing, and the United States and other international bodies have referred to it as genocide. Human rights groups, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, have documented widespread atrocities, including extrajudicial killings, mass rapes, and the destruction of entire villages. These acts have been part of a long-standing strategy to erase the Rohingya from Myanmar, which has resulted in a vast refugee population.
The international community, including the United Nations, has condemned Myanmar’s actions, but Myanmar’s government, particularly the military, has been resistant to international pressure, further complicating efforts for a resolution.
Role of China
China plays a complex and often ambivalent role in the Rohingya crisis. As Myanmar’s most powerful ally, China has consistently provided political and diplomatic support to the Myanmar government, particularly at the United Nations Security Council, where China has vetoed resolutions aimed at holding Myanmar accountable for human rights violations. China views Myanmar as a key partner in its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and maintains strategic interests in the region, including access to the Bay of Bengal and energy infrastructure.
China has provided Myanmar with military aid and support for its economic development. Beijing’s stance has been largely motivated by its desire to maintain stability in the region, as well as its concerns about the growing influence of Western powers and international human rights pressure on Myanmar. While China has expressed some concern over the treatment of the Rohingya, its actions have largely been in defense of Myanmar’s sovereignty and its strategic interests.
Role of India
India’s role in the Rohingya crisis has been more nuanced and has evolved over time. India shares a border with Myanmar and has long-standing security and strategic interests in the region. Like China, India has been cautious about criticizing Myanmar’s actions too strongly, primarily because of its geopolitical relationship with Myanmar, which serves as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence in Southeast Asia.
India has been more vocal about the humanitarian aspects of the crisis, and in 2017, it did provide aid to Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. However, India has also faced internal political challenges regarding its treatment of Rohingya refugees. The Indian government has been criticized for attempting to deport Rohingya refugees back to Myanmar, citing security concerns, while others argue that this violates international refugee protection norms.
India has also expressed concerns about the impact of the crisis on its own security and regional stability. Despite its humanitarian aid, India’s reluctance to pressure Myanmar significantly or take a strong stance against the military junta has been seen as an effort to avoid alienating Myanmar as a strategic partner.
Role of Bangladesh
Bangladesh has played a central role in providing refuge to the Rohingya, particularly since the 2017 military crackdown. Over 700,000 Rohingya refugees fled to Bangladesh, seeking safety in camps, especially in the Cox’s Bazar region, which is now home to one of the largest refugee settlements in the world. Bangladesh has been praised for its generosity in providing refuge, despite the massive strain on its resources, infrastructure, and services.
However, Bangladesh faces significant challenges, including overcrowding in refugee camps, economic strain, and the potential for the conflict to spill over its border. The Bangladeshi government has called for the safe return of Rohingya refugees to Myanmar but has faced obstacles due to Myanmar’s lack of cooperation in ensuring the refugees’ safety and rights upon their return. While Bangladesh has led efforts to support the refugees, it has also been under pressure to handle the situation in a way that minimizes domestic instability.
Violation of Human Rights
The Rohingya have suffered severe human rights violations, both in Myanmar and as refugees. In Myanmar, their rights to citizenship, freedom of movement, access to healthcare, education, and work have been systematically denied for decades. The 2017 military crackdown has been widely recognized as a campaign of ethnic cleansing, with reports of extrajudicial killings, torture, sexual violence, and forced displacement. Thousands of Rohingya women and children have been subjected to sexual violence, and entire villages have been destroyed.
As refugees, the Rohingya face ongoing challenges, including limited access to education, healthcare, and employment. In Bangladesh, the refugee camps are overcrowded, and many Rohingya live in squalid conditions, making them vulnerable to diseases, human trafficking, and other forms of exploitation. They also face xenophobia and discrimination in the host countries, particularly in Myanmar’s neighboring countries, where they are often viewed as outsiders or security threats.
International Response and Prospects for Resolution
The international community has condemned Myanmar’s actions, with calls for justice, sanctions, and accountability. However, international efforts to resolve the crisis have been hampered by political and strategic interests, particularly from countries like China and Russia, which have blocked strong UN Security Council action against Myanmar. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has taken up the case of Myanmar’s genocide against the Rohingya, but significant progress toward justice and accountability remains slow.
In terms of resolution, the focus is on creating conditions for the safe, voluntary, and dignified return of the Rohingya to Myanmar. However, this is contingent upon the Myanmar government guaranteeing the safety, security, and rights of the returning refugees—conditions that are currently not in place. Until Myanmar’s government and military leadership are held accountable for their actions, and a more comprehensive and inclusive political solution is found, the crisis will likely persist.
Conclusion
The Rohingya Refugee Crisis is a tragic and ongoing humanitarian disaster, with the Myanmar government playing the central role in the persecution and displacement of the Rohingya people. The international community, particularly countries like China, India, and Bangladesh, has played varying roles, often driven by geopolitical interests, and the prospects for a lasting resolution remain uncertain. The violations of human rights faced by the Rohingya, both in Myanmar and as refugees, are among the most severe in recent memory, and a meaningful resolution will require coordinated international pressure, accountability, and long-term commitment to ensuring the safety and dignity of the Rohingya people.
See lessDescribe the significance of Gandhiji's social and cultural thoughts. [63th BPSC Mains Exam 2017]
Mahatma Gandhi's social and cultural ideas have played a pivotal role in shaping modern India. His thoughts focused on social equality, non-violence, self-reliance, and the promotion of indigenous culture. These ideas have influenced not just India but the world, promoting peace, unity, and social jRead more
Mahatma Gandhi’s social and cultural ideas have played a pivotal role in shaping modern India. His thoughts focused on social equality, non-violence, self-reliance, and the promotion of indigenous culture. These ideas have influenced not just India but the world, promoting peace, unity, and social justice.
1. Promotion of Non-Violence (Ahimsa)
2. Social Equality and Removal of Untouchability
3. Swadeshi and Self-Reliance
4. Cultural Renaissance and Indian Heritage
5. Simplicity and Rural Development
Conclusion
Gandhiji’s social and cultural thoughts have had a profound influence on Indian society, promoting social harmony, cultural preservation, and non-violent activism. His principles continue to resonate in today’s world, offering solutions to modern challenges such as social inequality, environmental sustainability, and peaceful coexistence.
See lessDiscuss, in detail, what role can science and technology play to control the job crisis situation and to sustainthe development of the nation due to Covid-19 situation [65th BPSC Main Exam 2019]
Role of Science and Technology in Controlling the Job Crisis and Sustaining Development Amid COVID-19 Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic led to severe disruptions in the global economy, causing widespread job losses and economic setbacks. However, science and technology have the potential to play aRead more
Role of Science and Technology in Controlling the Job Crisis and Sustaining Development Amid COVID-19
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic led to severe disruptions in the global economy, causing widespread job losses and economic setbacks. However, science and technology have the potential to play a crucial role in mitigating the job crisis and ensuring the continued development of nations.
1. Job Creation through Technological Innovation
a. Digital Transformation
b. AI and Automation
2. Reskilling and Upskilling Initiatives
a. Online Education and Training Platforms
b. Public-Private Partnerships for Skill Development
3. Support for MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises)
a. Technology for MSME Resilience
b. Government Support through Tech-Enabled Platforms
4. Technology in Healthcare and Remote Work
a. Telemedicine and Healthtech Innovations
b. Remote Work Technologies
5. Building Resilience in the Economy
a. Data-Driven Policy Making
b. Blockchain for Secure Transactions and Employment
Conclusion
Science and technology can significantly mitigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the job market and national development. By fostering innovation, enabling skill development, supporting MSMEs, and facilitating remote work, these tools can create new employment opportunities and sustain long-term growth. Adopting these technologies is key to overcoming the challenges posed by the crisis and building a resilient workforce for the future.
See lessBihar continues to experience natural disasters like floods and drought on a regular basis. What role can science and technology play in disaster forecasting and management? Explain your answer with practical examples. [65th BPSC Main Exam 2019]
Introduction Bihar is prone to frequent natural disasters such as floods and droughts, which cause significant damage to lives, property, and agriculture. Science and technology play a crucial role in managing these disasters by enhancing forecasting, early warning systems, and disaster response effRead more
Introduction
Bihar is prone to frequent natural disasters such as floods and droughts, which cause significant damage to lives, property, and agriculture. Science and technology play a crucial role in managing these disasters by enhancing forecasting, early warning systems, and disaster response efforts.
1. Flood Forecasting and Management
a. Satellite and Remote Sensing Technology
b. Flood Forecasting Models
2. Drought Prediction and Mitigation
a. Climate Modeling and Analysis
b. Water Management Technologies
3. Disaster Communication and Early Warning Systems
a. Mobile Apps and Digital Platforms
b. Integrated Disaster Management Systems
4. Disaster Response and Recovery
a. Drones and UAVs for Rescue Operations
b. GIS (Geographical Information Systems) for Post-Disaster Analysis
Conclusion
Science and technology are critical tools in managing and mitigating the impact of floods and droughts in Bihar. By improving forecasting, communication, and disaster response, these technologies can significantly reduce the human and economic costs of natural disasters.
See lessIn the present scenario, the key issues of the county are: "Increasing population, higher health risks, degraded natural resources and dwindling farm lands". Discuss at least four scientific initiatives on each of the four areas that you would like to apply. [65th BPSC Main Exam 2019]
Introduction India faces several pressing challenges, including increasing population, higher health risks, degraded natural resources, and dwindling farmlands. Addressing these issues requires a scientific and technological approach. Below are four scientific initiatives for each area: 1. IncreasinRead more
Introduction
India faces several pressing challenges, including increasing population, higher health risks, degraded natural resources, and dwindling farmlands. Addressing these issues requires a scientific and technological approach. Below are four scientific initiatives for each area:
1. Increasing Population
a. Family Planning Technologies
b. AI and Data Analytics for Population Monitoring
c. Education and Awareness Campaigns
d. Urbanization Planning
2. Higher Health Risks
a. Telemedicine and Digital Health Platforms
b. Vaccination Campaigns and Research
c. AI for Disease Surveillance
d. Personalized Medicine
3. Degraded Natural Resources
a. Water Conservation Technologies
b. Afforestation Programs
c. Waste-to-Energy Technology
d. Soil Health Monitoring
4. Dwindling Farmlands
a. Precision Farming
b. Crop Diversification
c. Vertical Farming
d. Agroforestry
Conclusion
By leveraging these scientific and technological initiatives, India can address critical issues like population growth, health risks, resource degradation, and declining agricultural productivity. These solutions, if implemented effectively, will not only solve immediate challenges but also ensure long-term sustainable development.
See lessIn India, 'Make in India' is a type of Swadeshi Movement launched by Modi governement. To promote this movement, discuss the role of science and technology citing the examples in detail.. [65th BPSC Main Exam 2019]
Introduction The 'Make in India' initiative, launched by the Indian government in 2014, aims to promote manufacturing, increase investments, and boost job creation. A key pillar of this movement is the integration of science and technology to drive innovation, efficiency, and self-reliance in India'Read more
Introduction
The ‘Make in India’ initiative, launched by the Indian government in 2014, aims to promote manufacturing, increase investments, and boost job creation. A key pillar of this movement is the integration of science and technology to drive innovation, efficiency, and self-reliance in India’s industrial sectors.
Role of Science and Technology in ‘Make in India’
1. Boosting Manufacturing through Innovation
2. Promoting Advanced Manufacturing Techniques
3. Supporting Sustainable Technologies
4. Promoting Digital Infrastructure
5. Research and Development (R&D) Investments
Conclusion
Science and technology play a pivotal role in strengthening the ‘Make in India’ movement by fostering innovation, improving manufacturing techniques, and promoting sustainable practices. By focusing on R&D, digital infrastructure, and advanced technologies, India can accelerate its industrial growth and become a global manufacturing hub.
See lessWhat are the main constraints in the rapid economic development of Bihar? How can these constraints be removed? [65th BPSC Main Exam 2019]
Introduction Bihar, despite its rich cultural heritage and large population, faces significant challenges that hinder its rapid economic development. These constraints need to be addressed for the state to achieve sustainable growth. Key Constraints in Bihar’s Economic Development 1. Poor InfrastrucRead more
Introduction
Bihar, despite its rich cultural heritage and large population, faces significant challenges that hinder its rapid economic development. These constraints need to be addressed for the state to achieve sustainable growth.
Key Constraints in Bihar’s Economic Development
1. Poor Infrastructure
2. Limited Industrialization
3. Agricultural Dependence and Low Productivity
4. Low Human Capital Development
Measures to Remove These Constraints
1. Improvement in Infrastructure
2. Promote Industrialization and Investment
3. Revitalize Agriculture through Technology
4. Focus on Education and Skill Development
Conclusion
For Bihar to experience rapid economic growth, the state must address the infrastructure, industrialization, agriculture, and education challenges. By focusing on these key areas, Bihar can unlock its potential, ensuring a more prosperous future for its residents.
See less