Conservation

Model Answer

Significance of Mangroves for Coastal Communities and Biodiversity

Mangroves are vital ecosystems that provide numerous benefits to coastal communities and biodiversity. They serve as a natural barrier against storms and coastal erosion, protecting human settlements and infrastructure from the impacts of severe weather events. This protective function is crucial for reducing the risks associated with coastal hazards, thereby safeguarding lives and properties.

In terms of biodiversity, mangroves are among the most productive ecosystems on the planet. They support nearly 3,000 species of fish and a diverse array of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to these habitats. Mangroves also provide essential breeding and nursery grounds for various marine species, contributing significantly to the health of coastal fisheries. Furthermore, they are home to a wide range of mammals, reptiles, and invertebrates, enhancing overall biodiversity in coastal regions.

Mangroves also play a critical role in the livelihoods of approximately 120 million people living in coastal areas. The resources they provide, such as wood, fish, and other minor produce, are integral to the diets and lifestyles of these communities. Additionally, mangrove ecosystems support eco-tourism, generating income and employment opportunities for local populations.

The MISHTI Scheme

In recognition of the importance of mangroves, the Union Budget 2023-24 introduced the Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI). This scheme aims to enhance the regeneration and sustainable utilization of mangrove ecosystems across India. Key features of the MISHTI scheme include:

• Expansion of Mangrove Area: The initiative plans to increase mangrove plantations along coastlines and salt pan lands, targeting an area of 540 square kilometers across 11 states and 2 Union Territories over the next five years.
• Convergence of Schemes: The scheme will leverage existing programs, such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) and the Compensatory Afforestation Fund, to fund mangrove restoration efforts.
• Collaboration and Best Practices: MISHTI emphasizes the incorporation of best practices in plantation techniques and management, promoting public-private partnerships for resource mobilization.
• Environmental Focus: This initiative is part of a broader effort to enhance environmental conservation and combat climate change, as mangroves are known for their high carbon sequestration potential.

The MISHTI scheme is a timely intervention, addressing the threats faced by mangrove ecosystems due to commercialization and development pressures.

Model Answer

Introduction

Watershed management refers to the process of managing land, water, and related resources within a specific area known as a watershed. A watershed is the region from which all water drains into a common water body, such as a river, lake, or ocean. The goal of watershed management is to optimize the use of these resources while ensuring environmental sustainability. By integrating strategies to conserve water and soil, enhance agricultural productivity, and improve local ecosystems, watershed management aims to improve both environmental and socioeconomic conditions.

Prospects of Watershed Management:

1. Soil and Water Conservation:
   • Watershed management helps prevent soil erosion and improves water retention. Techniques like afforestation, contour bunding, and terracing are used to protect the soil and increase water infiltration.
   • Example: In Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh), watershed management projects have focused on soil and water conservation, afforestation, and improving livelihoods for tribal communities.
2. Sustainable Agriculture:
   • It promotes sustainable agricultural practices like crop rotation, organic farming, and agroforestry. These practices help increase productivity and protect the land for future generations.
   • Example: Watershed management programs in various regions have led to improved crop yields and better agricultural practices, benefiting farmers’ livelihoods.
3. Biodiversity Conservation:
   • By conserving natural habitats and encouraging sustainable land use, watershed management helps protect biodiversity.
   • Example: The Ecological and Watershed Restoration Program in the Philippines has been instrumental in conserving threatened species and ecosystems.
4. Water Resource Development:
   • Watershed management includes projects like check dams, reservoirs, and rainwater harvesting systems to improve water availability for irrigation and domestic use.
   • Examples:
     • Andhra Pradesh’s Neeru-Chettu program rejuvenated degraded lands and enhanced water resources.
     • Rajasthan’s Jheel Jeevan project restored traditional water bodies (johads), helping with local water conservation.
     • In Nepal, the Watershed Development Fund increased water availability for both irrigation and domestic purposes.
5. Climate Change Resilience:
   • Proper watershed management can help ecosystems become more resilient to climate change by improving water storage and land-use practices.
   • Example: The Watershed Management Project in Ethiopia integrated climate change adaptation strategies to protect communities and ecosystems.

Limitations of Watershed Management:

1. Financial Constraints:
   • Watershed management projects require significant investment in infrastructure, training, and monitoring. Lack of funds can hinder effective implementation.
2. Institutional Challenges:
   • Watershed management involves multiple stakeholders, including government agencies, local communities, and NGOs. Coordinating these diverse groups can be difficult, causing delays and inefficiencies.
3. Technical Expertise:
   • The success of watershed management requires expertise in various fields like hydrology, agriculture, and ecology. A shortage of skilled professionals can reduce the quality and impact of interventions.
4. Climate Change:
   • Climate change may alter rainfall patterns, increase the frequency of extreme weather events, and affect water availability, making watershed management even more challenging. Managing these impacts may go beyond the scope of traditional watershed management approaches.
5. Social Equity:
   • Sometimes, watershed management projects can negatively affect marginalized communities, especially if they lose access to traditional resources or livelihoods. Ensuring fair participation and benefit-sharing is crucial for the success of these projects.