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Conservation

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Home/Biodiversity & Environment/Conservation

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Puja Singh
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Puja SinghBegginer
Asked: June 22, 2024In:
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What are Certificates of Renewable Energy (RECs)? Emphasize their importance in India. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: conservation
  1. Puja Kumari
    Puja Kumari Begginer

    Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are market-based instruments that represent the environmental attributes of renewable energy generation. They are a mechanism to promote and facilitate renewable energy development, especially in countries like India where clean energy adoption is critical for suRead more

    Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are market-based instruments that represent the environmental attributes of renewable energy generation. They are a mechanism to promote and facilitate renewable energy development, especially in countries like India where clean energy adoption is critical for sustainable growth.

     How RECs Work:
    1. Dual Attributes: RECs have two components—electricity and environmental benefits. When renewable energy is generated, the electricity is sold separately, and the environmental benefit (or the renewable attribute) is represented by the REC.
    2. Tradability: RECs can be traded in the market. They are bought by entities that need to meet renewable energy obligations but may not have the capacity to generate renewable energy themselves.

     Significance of RECs in India:
    1. Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs): In India, certain entities like power distribution companies, open access consumers, and captive power producers are required to meet a part of their energy needs from renewable sources. RECs help them fulfill this obligation by purchasing the certificates instead of directly generating or purchasing renewable energy.

    2. Promotion of Clean Energy: RECs incentivize renewable energy producers by providing them an additional revenue stream, encouraging further investments in the sector.

    3. Flexibility: RECs offer flexibility to obligated entities to meet their RPOs without the need to directly engage in setting up renewable energy plants, thereby reducing the logistical and operational challenges.

    4. Market Development: The REC mechanism has helped in developing a market for renewable energy trading in India. It has also promoted transparency and standardization in how clean energy is accounted for.

    5. Environmental Impact: By monetizing the environmental benefits of renewable energy, RECs contribute to India’s broader goal of reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development.

    Overall, RECs play a crucial role in India’s energy transition strategy, aligning with the country’s objectives to increase renewable energy capacity and achieve its climate goals.

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Nisha Goenka
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Nisha GoenkaBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In: , , , , , ,
  • 0

geographyinfrastructurewater
  1. Medha K
    Medha K Begginer

    Water scarcity in Indian cities, including Delhi, is a complex problem affected by infrastructure problems, climate change, and over- and misuse of water resources. Let's explore each factor in detail regarding Delhi: Infrastructure Issues 1. Aging Infrastructure: Delhi's water supply infrastructureRead more

    Water scarcity in Indian cities, including Delhi, is a complex problem affected by infrastructure problems, climate change, and over- and misuse of water resources. Let’s explore each factor in detail regarding Delhi:

    Infrastructure Issues

    1. Aging Infrastructure: Delhi’s water supply infrastructure, including pipes and treatment plants, is often outdated and poorly functioning. leading to significant water losses due to leakages and due to inefficiency.

    2. Inadequate Coverage: Many areas, especially slums and slums, lack adequate water supply infrastructure, forcing residents to rely on unregulated sources such as groundwater or water tankers.

    3. Ineffective Water Management: Lack of effective water management practices, including failure to recycle and reuse wastewater. Investments in the modernization of water and sanitation systems are insufficient.

    Climate Change

    1. Irregular Rainfall: Climate change has resulted in unpredictable monsoon patterns with periods of heavy rain followed by long periods of dry weather. This variability affects the replenishment of water sources such as rivers and groundwater.

    2. Rising Temperatures: Rising temperatures increase the rate of evaporation and increase the need for water, especially during the summer months. This increases the water shortage in the city, which is already in high demand.

    3. River Depletion: Climate change is affecting the flow of rivers like the Yamuna, which supply Delhi with water. River flows caused by melting glaciers and altered precipitation can reduce water availability.

    Excessive Use and Abuse

    1. Depletion of groundwater: Excessive extraction of groundwater for domestic, industrial and agricultural use has caused a serious depletion of groundwater. In many parts of Delhi, the groundwater level is falling alarmingly.

    2. Inefficient Water Use: There is widespread inefficiency and waste in water use. Practices such as overwatering gardens, leaky faucets and inefficient irrigation methods contribute to water scarcity.

    3. Pollution: Poor water management and pollution further reduce the availability of clean water. For example, the Yamuna River suffers from severe pollution, making it dangerous to use its water without thorough treatment.

    Specific Context of Delhi

    1. Population Pressure: The rapidly growing population of Delhi is putting enormous pressure on water resources. Demand for water clearly outstrips supply, exacerbating water scarcity.

    2. Legislative Challenges: Regulatory and management challenges include illegal groundwater extraction and inadequate enforcement of water protection laws.

    3. Interstate water disputes: Delhi’s water supply is also affected by interstate water disputes. The city’s dependence on water from neighboring states like Haryana makes it vulnerable to water-sharing conflicts.

    Justification Delhi’s water shortage cannot be explained by a single factor. Instead, it is caused by infrastructure deficits, the effects of climate change, and the overuse and misuse of water resources. Solving this problem requires a multi-pronged approach:

    1. Infrastructure upgrade: Modernization of water supply and distribution infrastructure, as well as investments in wastewater recycling and rainwater collection, can help reduce shortages.

    2. Climate Adaptation: It is important to develop strategies to face the consequences of climate change, such as improving water storage and improving watershed management.

    3. Sustainable water use: Promoting water conservation practices, regulating groundwater and reducing pollution are important for sustainable water management.

    4. Policy and Governance: Strengthening water management, resolving transnational water disputes and enforcing regulations can improve water management and water distribution.

    By addressing these interrelated factors, Delhi can work towards a more sustainable and reliable water supply system..

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Prerna Batra
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Prerna BatraBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In: , ,
  • 1

developingdevelopmentinflationpoorrich
  1. sweett soull
    sweett soull Begginer

    Yes, rising inflation is a concern for developed nations like the US. Here’s how it impacts them: 1. Reduced Purchasing Power: - Inflation erodes money’s value, meaning consumers can buy less with the same amount of money. 2. Higher Cost of Living: - Prices for goods and services rise, increasing thRead more

    Yes, rising inflation is a concern for developed nations like the US. Here’s how it impacts them:

    1. Reduced Purchasing Power:
    – Inflation erodes money’s value, meaning consumers can buy less with the same amount of money.

    2. Higher Cost of Living:
    – Prices for goods and services rise, increasing the cost of living and putting financial strain on households.

    3. Interest Rate Hikes:
    – To control inflation, central banks like the Federal Reserve may raise interest rates, increasing borrowing costs for consumers and businesses.

    4. Economic Uncertainty:
    – High inflation creates uncertainty, making it harder for businesses to plan for the future, potentially slowing down investment and economic growth.

    5. Impact on Savings:
    – The real value of savings decreases, affecting retirees and others who rely on fixed incomes.

    6. Wage-Price Spiral:
    – As the cost of living increases, workers demand higher wages, leading to higher production costs and further price increases, creating a cycle.

    7. Budget Deficits:
    – Government spending might increase to keep up with rising costs, potentially leading to larger budget deficits.

    8. Market Volatility:
    – Inflation can cause stock and bond markets to become more volatile, impacting investments and retirement accounts.

    9. Social Unrest:
    – Prolonged high inflation can lead to social dissatisfaction as people’s standard of living declines, potentially leading to political instability.

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Rani Singh
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Rani SinghLearner
Asked: June 22, 2024In:
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What is natural farming with no budget (ZBNF)? Talk about its importance and difficulties in comparison to traditional farming. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: conservation
  1. Anushree Singh
    Anushree Singh Begginer

    Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is a farming practice that promotes minimal external inputs and emphasizes natural processes to maintain soil fertility and productivity. Here’s a humanized overview of ZBNF, its significance, and challenges compared to traditional farming: Zero Budget Natural FarmRead more

    Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is a farming practice that promotes minimal external inputs and emphasizes natural processes to maintain soil fertility and productivity. Here’s a humanized overview of ZBNF, its significance, and challenges compared to traditional farming:

    Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF):
    ZBNF is rooted in ancient farming practices but has been systematized by Subhash Palekar, an Indian agriculturist. The core principle is to eliminate external inputs such as synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Instead, it utilizes locally available resources like cow dung, cow urine, and crop residues to enhance soil health and fertility. The term “zero budget” implies that farmers do not incur costs for purchasing external inputs, hence reducing their financial burden.

    • Significance:
      1. Environmental Sustainability: ZBNF promotes biodiversity, conserves water, and reduces soil erosion by maintaining natural ecological balances. It minimizes chemical pollution and greenhouse gas emissions associated with traditional farming practices.

      2. Cost-Effectiveness: By eliminating the need for expensive synthetic inputs, ZBNF reduces production costs for farmers. It improves their economic resilience and reduces dependency on external markets for inputs, thereby enhancing food security.

    • 3. Soil Health: By focusing on organic matter and microbial activity in the soil, ZBNF improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability over the long term. This leads to sustainable yields without degrading soil fertility.
    • 4. Community Empowerment: ZBNF encourages farmer autonomy and knowledge sharing within communities. It revitalizes traditional farming wisdom and empowers farmers to make informed decisions based on their local ecological conditions.

    Challenges vis-a-vis Traditional Farming:
    1 . Transition Period:Adopting ZBNF requires a transition period where farmers may experience initial yield fluctuations or pest management challenges as the soil ecosystem adjusts to organic methods.

    2. Knowledge and Training: Farmers need access to training and support to effectively implement ZBNF practices. Traditional farming methods are deeply ingrained, and shifting mindsets requires continuous education and demonstration of successful outcomes.

    3. Market Access: ZBNF products may face challenges in accessing markets that are accustomed to conventional produce. Certification and labeling processes for organic products can also be cumbersome for small-scale farmers.

    4. Scaling Up: Scaling ZBNF practices to larger farms or commercial agriculture requires supportive policies, infrastructure for organic inputs, and market incentives to ensure profitability.

    In conclusion, Zero Budget Natural Farming represents a sustainable alternative to conventional farming practices, promoting ecological balance, economic viability, and community empowerment. While it presents challenges in adoption and scaling, its potential to transform agriculture towards sustainability makes it a significant approach in India’s quest for food security and environmental stewardship.

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Anirudh Singh
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Anirudh SinghLearner
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
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Talk about how community involvement helps India’s conservation measures get implemented effectively.

upsc: conservation
  1. Meena Mehara
    Meena Mehara Learner

    Role of Community Participation in Effective Implementation of Conservation Policies in India 1. Importance of Community Participation in Conservation a. Enhancing Local Stewardship Local Knowledge and Practices: Communities possess indigenous knowledge and traditional practices crucial for managingRead more

    Role of Community Participation in Effective Implementation of Conservation Policies in India

    1. Importance of Community Participation in Conservation

    a. Enhancing Local Stewardship

    • Local Knowledge and Practices: Communities possess indigenous knowledge and traditional practices crucial for managing local ecosystems. For instance, the Van Panchayat system in Uttarakhand empowers local forest councils to manage and conserve forest resources effectively by incorporating traditional forest management practices.
    • Ownership and Responsibility: When communities are involved in decision-making, they are more likely to take ownership and responsibility for conservation efforts. This sense of ownership is vital for the long-term sustainability of conservation projects.

    b. Bridging Gaps Between Policy and Ground Realities

    • On-the-Ground Insights: Local communities provide valuable insights into the ecological and socio-economic realities of their areas, helping to tailor conservation policies to actual needs. The Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) established under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 are a good example where local knowledge helps in drafting biodiversity management plans.

    2. Successful Examples of Community Participation

    a. Joint Forest Management (JFM)

    • Overview: JFM involves local communities in managing and protecting forest resources. Under this approach, communities have a stake in forest conservation and receive benefits such as non-timber forest products.
    • Recent Example: In Madhya Pradesh, JFM has led to successful regeneration of degraded forests and improved livelihoods for local communities. The Sajjangarh Forest Division in the state has seen significant improvements in forest cover and biodiversity due to active community participation.

    b. Conservation of the Western Ghats

    • Overview: The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is managed through community-based conservation programs. Local organizations and communities play a key role in monitoring and protecting the region’s rich biodiversity.
    • Recent Example: The Western Ghats Conservation Network involves local communities in conservation activities, including monitoring wildlife and protecting critical habitats. Their efforts have contributed to better conservation outcomes and increased awareness among local populations.

    c. Participatory Wildlife Management

    • Overview: Community involvement in wildlife management helps mitigate human-wildlife conflicts and supports conservation efforts.
    • Recent Example: The Kaziranga National Park in Assam engages local communities in anti-poaching activities and habitat management. The Eco-Development Committees formed in and around the park assist in conservation efforts and benefit from sustainable tourism initiatives.

    3. Challenges in Community Participation

    a. Ensuring Genuine Involvement

    • Tokenism: In some cases, community participation is superficial, with limited actual involvement in decision-making. Ensuring that participation is genuine and meaningful is a significant challenge.
    • Example: In some regions, community involvement in conservation projects has been more about consultation than active participation, leading to dissatisfaction and ineffective outcomes.

    b. Balancing Conservation and Development Needs

    • Conflicting Interests: Balancing conservation goals with the developmental needs of communities can be challenging. Conflicts may arise when conservation policies restrict access to resources essential for livelihoods.
    • Example: The implementation of Protected Areas may sometimes lead to conflicts with local communities who rely on these areas for subsistence, necessitating careful planning and compensation measures.

    4. Policy and Programmatic Interventions

    a. Strengthening Legal Frameworks

    • Recommendations: Enhancing legal frameworks to ensure meaningful community participation in conservation efforts is essential. The Forest Rights Act, 2006 is an example where legal recognition of community rights supports effective conservation through empowerment.
    • Recent Example: Amendments to the Wildlife Protection Act to incorporate community rights and benefits can further align conservation objectives with local needs.

    b. Capacity Building and Support

    • Recommendations: Providing training, resources, and technical support to communities can enhance their capacity to participate effectively in conservation activities. Government programs and NGOs should focus on building local capacities.
    • Recent Example: The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) has been leveraged to fund community-driven conservation and sustainable development projects, providing both employment and environmental benefits.

    c. Promoting Collaborative Approaches

    • Recommendations: Encouraging collaboration between government agencies, NGOs, and local communities fosters effective conservation strategies. Multi-stakeholder approaches can help reconcile conservation goals with community interests.
    • Recent Example: The National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP) involves collaborative efforts among various stakeholders to integrate conservation with local development priorities.

    5. Conclusion

    Community participation is crucial for the effective implementation of conservation policies in India. By leveraging local knowledge, ensuring genuine involvement, and addressing challenges related to conflicting interests and balancing development needs, community-driven conservation can enhance the sustainability and impact of conservation efforts. Successful examples, such as the Joint Forest Management (JFM) and participatory wildlife management programs, demonstrate the potential benefits of active community engagement. To further improve conservation outcomes, it is essential to strengthen legal frameworks, support capacity building, and promote collaborative approaches.

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context: Briefly explain that river linking was once a concept and is now being implemented in India. Thesis Statement: Introduce the advantages of river linking and hint at its environmental impacts. 2. Advantages of River Linking A. Improved Irrigation Fact: ...

upsc: conservation
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The concept of river linking, once a distant dream, is now becoming a reality in India. This initiative aims to address water scarcity issues across various regions. While river linking offers numerous benefits, it is crucial to evaluate its potential environmental impacts.Read more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The concept of river linking, once a distant dream, is now becoming a reality in India. This initiative aims to address water scarcity issues across various regions. While river linking offers numerous benefits, it is crucial to evaluate its potential environmental impacts.

    Advantages of River Linking

    Improved Irrigation

    River linking can provide a reliable water source for irrigation in drought-prone areas, reducing dependency on monsoon rains. For instance, the Ken-Betwa river linking project is expected to irrigate over 6 lakh hectares of land, significantly benefiting farmers in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

    Flood Control

    This initiative can also help control floods by redirecting excess water from flood-prone regions to areas in need. The Damanganga-Pinjal river linking project in Maharashtra aims to reduce flooding in Mumbai and Thane by channeling excess water from the Damanganga River to the Pinjal River.

    Hydropower Generation

    Increased hydropower generation is another advantage, aiding in meeting the country’s growing energy demands. The Ken-Betwa project is projected to generate over 1000 MW of hydropower, contributing to sustainable energy solutions.

    Environmental Impact of River Linking

    Disruption of Ecosystem

    One significant concern is the potential disruption of ecosystems, including wetlands and river systems, adversely affecting biodiversity. The interlinking of the Ken and Betwa rivers may lead to the submergence of the Panna Tiger Reserve, threatening wildlife and biodiversity in the area.

    Soil Erosion

    The construction of dams and canals can result in soil erosion, negatively impacting agricultural productivity. For example, the Godavari-Krishna river linking project in Andhra Pradesh may cause soil erosion, thereby affecting local agriculture.

    Conclusion

    River linking presents a complex challenge that necessitates careful consideration of its benefits and environmental impacts. While it promises improvements in water availability and agricultural productivity, the potential ecological consequences must also be addressed. Sustainable implementation is key to balancing these factors for a positive outcome.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: September 14, 2024In:
  • 0

Answer the question in maximum 200 words. This question carries 11 marks. [MPPSC 2022] What does “conservation of biodiversity” mean? What initiatives have been taken in this respect at the national level?

mppsc: conservation
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    Biodiversity conservation means the protection, preservation, and management of natural habitats, ecosystems, and species to maintain healthy and diverse populations of plants and animals to ensure the long-term sustainability of ecosystems. Steps taken by National Governments for Conservation of BiRead more

    Biodiversity conservation means the protection, preservation, and management of natural habitats, ecosystems, and species to maintain healthy and diverse populations of plants and animals to ensure the long-term sustainability of ecosystems.

    Steps taken by National Governments for Conservation of Biodiversity – 

    1. Legislative measures enacted by the Government of India to conserve and protect biodiversity.example-Wildlife Protection Act 1972,Forest Conservation Act 1980 etc .
    2. Establishment of organizations, agencies, and frameworks.example-Wildlife Institute of India ,Indian Forest Services , State Forest Departments etc.
    3. Actions taken to preserve and protect India’s natural resources including flora, fauna, water, soil, and ecosystems to maintain ecological balance and ensure sustainable development.example-project tiger,project elephant etc.
    4. Systematic investigation and observation of biodiversity components, ecosystems and conservation efforts to understand trends, patterns, and impacts, informing effective conservation strategies and management decisions.example-Forest Survey of India ,Indian Ocean Observatory for climate monitoring.

     

     

    Biodiversity conservation is crucial for maintaining ecosystem balance, human well-being, and economic stability. Effective conservation requires government policies, institutional measures, research, community engagement, and international cooperation. Collective action is necessary to protect and preserve biodiversity, ensuring a sustainable future for all. Immediate attention and collaborative efforts are imperative.

     

     

     

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: September 10, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Introduce Sikkim as India’s first “Organic State.” Briefly state the significance of this achievement. Ecological Benefits of an Organic State Conservation of Soil and Water Explain how organic farming practices use natural fertilizers and pest control. Fact: These practices reduce soil erosion ...

upsc: conservation
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Sikkim proudly holds the title of India’s first “Organic State,” a distinction that brings forth significant ecological and economic benefits. This transition to organic farming practices showcases the positive impacts on both the environment and the local economy. EcologicRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Sikkim proudly holds the title of India’s first “Organic State,” a distinction that brings forth significant ecological and economic benefits. This transition to organic farming practices showcases the positive impacts on both the environment and the local economy.

    Ecological Benefits of Organic State

    Conservation of Soil and Water

    Organic farming in Sikkim emphasizes the use of natural fertilizers and pest management techniques, which significantly reduce soil erosion and protect water bodies. This conservation effort ensures sustainable management of soil and water resources, fostering a healthier ecosystem.

    Biodiversity Preservation

    By avoiding synthetic pesticides and genetically modified organisms, organic farming practices in Sikkim promote biodiversity. This approach helps maintain ecological balance and supports the health of various plant and animal species, contributing to a richer, more resilient environment.

    Reduced Environmental Pollution

    The elimination of chemical fertilizers and pesticides minimizes pollution in air, water, and soil. Sikkim’s organic status leads to cleaner ecosystems, resulting in fewer negative impacts on human and animal health, thereby improving overall environmental quality.

    Economic Benefits of Organic State

    Market Demand and Premium Prices

    Sikkim’s recognition as an organic state enhances its market competitiveness. The growing global demand for organic products provides lucrative opportunities for local farmers, who can command premium prices for their organic produce, boosting their income.

    Sustainable Agriculture and Cost Savings

    Organic farming reduces reliance on expensive synthetic inputs, leading to long-term cost savings for farmers. Additionally, organic practices enhance soil fertility and productivity, ensuring sustainable agricultural practices that benefit the economy.

    Tourism and Ecotourism

    Sikkim’s organic status attracts eco-conscious tourists and nature enthusiasts. The promotion of organic agriculture and the state’s pristine environment contribute to the growth of sustainable tourism, creating additional income and employment opportunities for the local population.

    Conclusion

    Sikkim’s status as India’s first organic state has led to a healthier environment, reduced chemical usage, and a strengthened economy through increased agricultural productivity, tourism, and demand for organic products. This model serves as an inspiration for sustainable practices nationwide.

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: September 10, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP). State its purpose in combating air pollution and improving air quality in India. 2. Key Features of the NCAP Comprehensive City-specific Action Plans: Explain the focus on 102 non-attainment cities where pollution exceeds ...

upsc: conservation
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), launched by the Government of India, is a crucial initiative aimed at addressing air pollution and enhancing air quality across the nation. This comprehensive program implements various strategies to mitigate pollution sources and prRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), launched by the Government of India, is a crucial initiative aimed at addressing air pollution and enhancing air quality across the nation. This comprehensive program implements various strategies to mitigate pollution sources and promote cleaner air for the health and well-being of citizens.

    Key Features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP):

    1. Comprehensive City-specific Action Plans:
      The NCAP targets 102 non-attainment cities, where pollution levels exceed prescribed standards. Each city is required to develop and implement specific action plans that outline tailored strategies to reduce pollution levels effectively.
    2. Sectoral Interventions:
      Adopting a multi-sectoral approach, the NCAP addresses various pollution sources across sectors, including transport, industry, residential areas, and waste management. This holistic strategy ensures that all major contributors to air pollution are targeted.
    3. Collaborative Governance:
      The program promotes collaborative governance by engaging central and state government agencies, local bodies, and stakeholders. This coordinated effort among different departments is essential for effectively achieving the program’s goals.
    4. City-level Monitoring Networks:
      To facilitate real-time monitoring of air quality, the NCAP establishes city-level monitoring networks. These networks consist of continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations, enabling data-driven decision-making and timely interventions.
    5. Technology Interventions:
      The NCAP encourages the adoption of advanced technology for air pollution control. This includes promoting cleaner fuel options, implementing stringent emission standards for industries and vehicles, and utilizing cutting-edge pollution control technologies.
    6. Public Participation and Awareness:
      Recognizing the vital role of public engagement, the NCAP aims to raise awareness about the health effects of air pollution and encourages citizen participation in initiatives for cleaner air.

    Conclusion

    The National Clean Air Programme encompasses key features such as city-specific action plans, sectoral interventions, collaborative governance, and public awareness efforts. By implementing these measures, the NCAP strives to ensure sustainable and breathable air for all citizens of India.

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