Indian cities struggle with monsoon preparedness due to a combination of factors. *Outdated Drainage Systems* are a major issue, with many cities’ drainage systems designed decades ago, unable to handle the increasing intensity of rainfall . For instance, Delhi’s drainage system, built nearly 50 years ago, struggles with even 50 mm of rain.

*Climate Change Impact* is another significant factor, with intense, localized rainfall becoming more common . This is evident in the changing monsoon patterns, where 55% of India’s tehsils saw an increase in southwest monsoon rainfall between June and September in the past decade .

*Poor Urban Planning* also plays a role, with cities not considering natural water flow, leading to water accumulation and flooding . Historical areas, like Minto underpass in Delhi, are particularly vulnerable due to their low-lying location.

Additionally, *Vulnerable Populations* are disproportionately affected, with the poor and lower-middle-class bearing the brunt of these failures . Informal settlements, often ignored in city planning, experience significant disruptions and health risks due to ineffective handling of stormwater mixed with sewage.

Lastly, *Historical Neglect* of natural water channels has contributed to the problem, with many channels covered or polluted over time . To improve monsoon preparedness, cities can learn from historical water management practices, integrate natural hydrology into urban planning, regulate urban infrastructure, prioritize vulnerable populations, and regularly desilt drains .