The Special Frontier Force (SFF) was raised by the Intelligence Bureau after the 1962 China-India war. This covert paramilitary unit primarily recruited Tibetan exiles, but currently it consists of a mixture of Tibetans and Gorkhas. The SFF is controlled by India’s external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW). Though it is headed by an Inspector General who is an Army officer, it reports directly to the Cabinet Secretariat under the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO).

Mandate of SFF

The SFF’s original mandate was to infiltrate as guerrillas and conduct covert operations in Tibet. It aims to destroy Chinese strategic infrastructure; and create insurgency and rebellion in Tibet, which would in turn help the Indian Army in engaging the Chinese at the border. Over time its role has evolved and it has been used in a variety of roles such as counter-insurgency operations, infiltrating enemy lines, camouflage, and tactical and special operations.

Achievements of SFF

• Operation Eagle (1971): The SFF conducted successful covert operations in Chittagong Hill Tracts of East Pakistan-occupied in the 1971 war. They engaged and defeated Pakistani forces, preventing their escape to Burma.
• Operation to Plant Electronic Intelligence Devices (1964): SFF personnel participated in a joint operation with the Indian Army and CIA to install electronic intelligence devices for monitoring China’s nuclear testing activities.
• Operation Meghdoot (1984): The SFF played a crucial role in securing control of the Siachen Glacier. A permanent SFF unit has been stationed at Siachen since then.
• Kargil War (1999): SFF battalions showcased their prowess in mountain warfare during the Kargil War. They fought alongside regular army units, earning respect for their bravery.
• Anti-insurgency operations: The SFF has taken part in anti-insurgency operations across India. However, the details of such operations are not available in the public domain.
• LAC Operations: The SFF was used by the Indian Army for preventive action against the movement of the People’s Liberation Army in the aftermath of the Galwan Clash to occupy strategic heights and gain leverage over Chinese positions.

The SFF has a glorious history of protecting the nation from internal and external security threats by making supreme sacrifices. Their impact is not only limited to the tactical domain but also to strategic domains, particularly in the context of relations with China.