In India’s constitutional system, conflicts between Parliament and the Supreme Court arise from structural and operational aspects.

Structural Aspects

• Parliamentary Sovereignty: Parliament has the power to make laws, reflecting the will of the people.
• Judicial Review: The Supreme Court can invalidate laws that violate the Constitution, ensuring checks and balances.

Operational Aspects

• Interpretation of Laws: The Supreme Court interprets laws, which may conflict with Parliament’s intent.
• Key Case Example: In the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the Supreme Court established the “Basic Structure” doctrine, limiting Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution.

These conflicts underscore the delicate balance of power in India’s democracy, aiming to uphold constitutional supremacy while respecting parliamentary authority.

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution emphasizes three forms of justice: social, economic, and political. Each of these is vital for a fair society.

Social Justice

• Definition: Ensures equality and dignity for all individuals.
• Fundamental Rights: Article 15 prohibits discrimination based on religion, caste, or gender.
• Example: Reservation policies help uplift marginalized communities.

Economic Justice

• Definition: Aims for equitable distribution of wealth.
• Directive Principles: Articles 39(b) and 41 advocate for a fair wage and right to work.
• Example: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) provides employment to rural households.

Political Justice

• Definition: Ensures participation in governance.
• Fundamental Rights: Article 19 grants the right to freedom of speech and expression.
• Example: Regular elections and the right to vote empower citizens to influence government policies.

In summary, the Preamble’s vision of justice is supported by Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, promoting a just society for all.

Key Points

• Strategic Competition: The U.S. views China’s influence in Southeast Asia as a threat, supporting India as a counterbalance.
• Military Alliances: The U.S. strengthens ties with regional allies like Japan and Australia to counter China’s assertiveness.

Example

• QUAD Alliance: The U.S. promotes the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) with India, Japan, and Australia to enhance security cooperation in the region.

Overall, the U.S. aims to maintain stability and promote democratic values in Southeast Asia amidst rising Chinese power.

Key Points

• Active Participation: India engages in global agreements like the Paris Agreement, committing to reduce emissions.
• Sustainable Development: India emphasizes balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability.

Example

• Renewable Energy Goals: India aims to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030, showcasing its commitment to clean energy.

India advocates for equitable climate action, focusing on the needs of developing nations.

Key Features

• Diverse Communities: Rajasthan has a mix of communities including Rajputs, Jats, and Brahmins, influencing political dynamics.
• Major Parties: The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC) dominate the political landscape.

Example

• Caste Influence: Caste plays a significant role in elections, with specific communities often rallying behind certain parties.

This diversity shapes the electoral strategies and outcomes in Rajasthan.