A typical Bharatanatyam performance is structured into a sequence of items that flow in a traditional order, each with its own significance and style:

1. **Alarippu**: The performance begins with Alarippu, a rhythmic invocation that includes basic dance movements (adavus). It prepares the dancer and audience for the performance.

2. **Jatiswaram**: This follows with a pure dance (nritta) piece where complex sequences of adavus are performed to swarams (musical notes) without lyrics, showcasing the dancer’s technical prowess.

3. **Shabdam**: Combining dance and expression (nritya), Shabdam introduces abhinaya (expressive aspect) with short narratives, often involving stories of gods and goddesses.

4. **Varnam**: The centerpiece of the performance, Varnam is a lengthy and elaborate piece that combines intricate dance sequences with expressive storytelling. It tests the dancer’s versatility and stamina, portraying various moods and emotions.

5. **Padams/Javalis**: These are expressive dance pieces that delve deeper into abhinaya, focusing on the interpretation of poetry, often revolving around themes of love and devotion.

6. **Tillana**: A fast-paced, rhythmic conclusion, Tillana highlights the dancer’s agility and precision through intricate footwork and brisk movements.

7. **Mangalam**: The performance ends with Mangalam, a short prayer or salutation, seeking blessings and thanking the audience.

This structure balances nritta and abhinaya, showcasing the dancer’s technical skill and emotional expression.

Encouraging more women to take up hobbies or activities they’re interested in involves creating an inclusive and supportive environment. Start by promoting awareness and breaking down stereotypes that may discourage women from pursuing certain interests. Highlight role models and success stories of women excelling in various fields, whether in sports, arts, tech, or any other area.

Providing access to resources and opportunities is crucial. Offer workshops, classes, and events specifically designed to engage women and build their confidence. Create women-focused groups or clubs where they can connect, share experiences, and support each other.

Mentorship programs can play a significant role. Pairing women with mentors who share their interests can provide guidance, encouragement, and practical advice. Additionally, addressing practical barriers such as time constraints and childcare can make a significant difference. Flexible scheduling and providing childcare options can help women balance their hobbies with other responsibilities.

Promote a culture of inclusivity and respect in all activities. Encourage male allies to support and advocate for women’s participation. Celebrate and recognize women’s achievements in their chosen hobbies to reinforce their value and importance.

By fostering a welcoming and empowering environment, we can inspire more women to explore and enjoy the activities they are passionate about.

The Indian concept of secularism differs from the Western model in its approach to religion-state relations. In the West, particularly in France and the United States, secularism (laïcité) involves a strict separation between religion and state, where the state remains neutral, and religion is confined to the private sphere. This model emphasizes the non-interference of the state in religious matters and vice versa.

In contrast, Indian secularism allows for a more active role of the state in managing religious affairs to ensure equality and protect minority rights. The Indian state intervenes in religious practices to reform and remove discriminatory practices, exemplified by the abolition of untouchability and the regulation of religious institutions. This approach stems from India’s diverse and pluralistic society, aiming to promote harmony among different religious communities.

Debates in the West often focus on maintaining the separation between church and state, addressing issues like religious symbols in public spaces and funding for religious schools. In India, debates on secularism revolve around ensuring religious harmony, preventing communal violence, and accommodating religious diversity within the framework of a single nation. These debates include discussions on uniform civil codes, minority rights, and the extent of state intervention in religious matters. This distinct approach reflects India’s historical and cultural context, prioritizing coexistence and equality over strict separation.