Quantum computing threatens current cryptographic algorithms by leveraging quantum algorithms like Shor’s and Grover’s. Shor’s algorithm can break widely used asymmetric algorithms (RSA, ECC, DSA) by factoring large numbers and solving discrete logarithms exponentially faster than classical methods. Symmetric algorithms like AES are less affected but still see a security reduction; Grover’s algorithm halves their effective key length.

The implications for cybersecurity are profound. Transitioning to quantum-resistant algorithms (post-quantum cryptography) is crucial to maintain data security. Organizations must update their cryptographic infrastructure, protocols, and devices to incorporate these new algorithms. Long-term data security is at risk since data encrypted today could be decrypted by future quantum computers.

Increased R&D efforts are needed for quantum-safe technologies, including quantum key distribution (QKD), which offers new secure communication methods. Governments and regulatory bodies may introduce policies and compliance requirements to manage the transition and protect critical infrastructure.