The Planning Commission, established in 1950, focused on centralized planning, allocating resources, and formulating Five-Year Plans. It emphasized top-down approaches, often sidelining state inputs. In contrast, Niti Aayog, formed in 2015, promotes decentralized planning, encouraging state participation and cooperative federalism. It emphasizes sustainable development and innovation, fostering a more inclusive approach.

Niti Aayog’s collaborative framework strengthens Indian federalism by empowering states in decision-making and policy implementation, allowing for diverse regional needs. This shift from a centralized model to a more participatory one enhances state autonomy and aligns development goals with local aspirations, thereby reinforcing the federal structure.

Judicial Review in India allows the judiciary to assess the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions. Originating from the British legal system, it was explicitly established in India by the Constitution of 1950. The Supreme Court and High Courts possess this power under Articles 32 and 226, respectively. Key cases, such as Kesavananda Bharati (1973) and Minerva Mills (1980), reinforced the doctrine by affirming the supremacy of the Constitution. Judicial Review serves to protect fundamental rights, uphold the rule of law, and maintain checks and balances within the government, ensuring that no law contravenes constitutional provisions.

Rajasthan is rich in metallic minerals, primarily iron ore, copper, zinc, and lead. Iron ore is mainly found in the Bhilwara and Udaipur districts, while copper deposits are concentrated in the Khetri region. Zinc and lead are predominantly mined in the Zawar area, supporting the state’s mining industry.

The Hadoti plateau in Rajasthan features a rugged terrain with hills, valleys, and rocky outcrops. It is characterized by the Aravalli Range and fertile river valleys, primarily the Chambal River. The plateau supports dry deciduous forests and is known for its rich mineral resources, including limestone and marble.

The tropical evergreen forests of India are characterized by high rainfall, dense canopy, and rich biodiversity. Found in regions like the Western Ghats and Northeast India, these forests feature tall trees, broad leaves, and a variety of flora and fauna, including numerous endemic species, thriving in humid conditions.