Fundamental Principles of Blockchain Technology:

1. Decentralization : Blockchain operates on a network of nodes, eliminating the need for a central authority.
2. Immutability : Data, once recorded, cannot be altered, ensuring data integrity.
3. Transparency : Transactions are recorded on a public ledger, visible to all participants.
4. Security : Cryptographic techniques secure data and transactions.
5. Consensus Mechanisms : Networks use mechanisms like Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS) to validate transactions.

Utilization Beyond Cryptocurrency:

1. Supply Chain Management : Enhances traceability and transparency, preventing counterfeiting.
2. Healthcare : Manages medical records securely, ensuring patient privacy.
3. Smart Contracts : Automates contract execution, reducing the need for intermediaries.
4. Voting Systems : Creates secure, transparent voting platforms, reducing fraud.
5. Intellectual Property Management : Protects and manages intellectual property rights, ensuring fair compensation for creators.

India faces several major cyber threats today, including:

1. Ransomware Attacks : Cybercriminals encrypt data and demand ransom for decryption. These attacks target both businesses and individuals, causing significant financial losses and operational disruptions.

2. Phishing and Social Engineering : Attackers use deceptive emails and messages to trick users into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords and financial details. This threat is widespread and can lead to identity theft and financial fraud.

3. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) : These are prolonged and targeted attacks often sponsored by nation-states or organized groups. APTs aim to steal sensitive data, disrupt services, or damage critical infrastructure.

4. Malware : Malicious software, including viruses, worms, and trojans, infiltrates systems to steal data, damage files, or gain unauthorized access to networks.

5. Insider Threats : Employees or contractors with access to sensitive information can intentionally or unintentionally cause data breaches or leaks.

6. Internet of Things (IoT) Vulnerabilities : The increasing use of IoT devices in India exposes networks to attacks due to weak security measures in these devices.

Addressing these threats requires robust cybersecurity measures, awareness, and cooperation between public and private sectors.

India faces several major cyber threats today, including:

1. Ransomware Attacks : Cybercriminals encrypt data and demand ransom for decryption. These attacks target both businesses and individuals, causing significant financial losses and operational disruptions.

2. Phishing and Social Engineering : Attackers use deceptive emails and messages to trick users into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords and financial details. This threat is widespread and can lead to identity theft and financial fraud.

3. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) : These are prolonged and targeted attacks often sponsored by nation-states or organized groups. APTs aim to steal sensitive data, disrupt services, or damage critical infrastructure.

4. Malware : Malicious software, including viruses, worms, and trojans, infiltrates systems to steal data, damage files, or gain unauthorized access to networks.

5. Insider Threats : Employees or contractors with access to sensitive information can intentionally or unintentionally cause data breaches or leaks.

6. Internet of Things (IoT) Vulnerabilities : The increasing use of IoT devices in India exposes networks to attacks due to weak security measures in these devices.

Addressing these threats requires robust cybersecurity measures, awareness, and cooperation between public and private sectors.