A writ is basically issued by a court or any other legal institutions in order to help a person perform or even stop a person to stop from doing a specific action. There are various kinds of writs in India issued by the apex court of India i.e. the supreme court of India  like Habeas  Corpus, Mandamus , Prohibition, Quo- Warranto. This writ is issued in the supreme court as an insurance by any person .

MANDAMUS – Also known to the “COMMAND” is basically issued by the higher court to a lower court , government institutions, or any public authority in the demanding them to  look into a specific issue which they had previously given a wrong statement or judgement or might have refused to look into the matter. Its fair judgement made so that everyone plays in a fair way abiding by the legal framework.

The parliamentary committees serves to play a crucial role in the working of the Indian parliament. These committess plays rhe role of providing expertise knowledge as and when referred to them . These committess also engage themselves in public role through submissions, on-site studdies and mostly involving in the decision making process. These committess comes under Article 105 and 118 of the Indian Constitution .

There are mainly two types of Parliamentary Committess in India they are :

a. Standing Committess – These are known to be the permanent committess in the parliament, as established by the parliament . They are constituted yearly or periodically, they mainly engage in the examining of the various bills , demanding certain grants as required . Provide the financial oversight and ensurures economy of the public expenditure.

Types :

Public accounts committee.-Examines CAG;s reports and investigates the irregularities in the financial sector .

Estimates committee.-ment to examine the budget and suggests in the economy in terms of public expenditure.

2. Ad-hoc committee-These are basically temporary parliamentary committee meant to work and formed to solve some specific purposes, consisrs both hpuses members.

Types:

a. Inquiry commitee -mainly in the investigation process of scams and scandels.

b. Joint committee- As the name suggests consits both houses members .

As known India is a land of diversity in terms of culture , varied topography , different climatic conditions along with its rich culture and historical backdrop.  The land is spread with a variety of soils in various parts of India ranging from alluvial soil , red soil , black soil, desert soil, and many more such .

Every soil is having its significant characteristics shaped by various natural processes such as that of weathering, erosion.

Coming to the layout of various types of soil found in India along with its individual  characteristics :

1. ALLUVIAL SOIL – This kind of soil is seen in the Indo-gangetic plain area along with that of the costal areas, this soil is known to be very fertile and this soil is spread around most of the areas like in PUNJAB, WEST BENGAL ,HARYANA ,UTTAR PRADESH and in the coastal areas of GUJRAT, TAMIL NADU ORRISA .

Chracteristics :

1. Fertile.
2. It is of fine grained texture
3. it is rich in minerals such as potash, lime ,and the phosphoric acid .
4. good for the growth of soils such as rice, wheat , sugarcane

Black soil –

this soil is also known to be as the regur soil or popularly as the cotton soil found primarily at the deccan plateau region . This is very good soil for cotton cultivation .Found in areas such as in Madhya Pradesh , Gujrat

Chracteristics :

1. It is of black colour as it is having iron in it.
2. these kind of soil usually becomes sticky when it becomes wet and it develops cracks when it dries up in summer .
3. Rich in calcium, iron, potash.

RED SOIL –

As the name says it is red in colour found mostly in the southern .eastern along the central  regions of India . The  soils  found in  areas  like  in Karnataka, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and in the chota nagpur plateau . This red colour is due to that of  iron oxide. Good for the production of crops like groundnut, millets, tobacoo, etc.

LATERITE SOIL : This kind of soil is mostly found in the regions which receive that of heavy rainfall along with that of high temperature. This is found in the tropical areas in the areas  like  Kerela, Karnataka, West Bengal, Tamil  Nadu etc .

this soil contains that of Iron and Magnesium mostly within it although poor in the minerals like nitrogen , potasium etc .

This kind of soil is good for the production of crops like that of coffee, rubber, cotton cashew nuts etc .

MOUINTAIN SOIL :

This soil is also known to be as the forest soil as  the name suggests found mostly in the regions such as the mountaninous regions of India mostly in the Himalayan region along with the eastern and western ghats of India . This soil is formed due to the wheathring of rocks  due to high altitude.

This soil ranges from the sandy to loamy textures . Found mostly in JAMMU AND KASHMIR , Skkim, Himachal Pradesh along the hilly trains of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu etc .

This kind of soil good for cultivation of crops like that of the tea, coffee, spices, fruits that of apples , plums, etc .

This is the varied types of soil with their characteristics and the spacial  distribution of soil in India.

As per the structure of the FEDERAL system of government adopted in our independent India we are having two houses i.e. The Rajya sabha and the Lok sabha . Although as known rajya sabha known to be the upper house of the parliament enjoys comparitively more power than lok sabha . The rajya sabha having total of 245 (12 nominated by president ) and that of lok sabha to have 543 seats. Coming to certain special powers of rajya sabha along with common powers between the two houses. :

1. Special power related to state legislation : The rajya sabha is having the sole authority to the introduction as well as the passing of the bills of the state legislation the lok sabha is not having this power .

2. Special power in terms of union territory : As known our nation are having some union territories like Delhi , , Lakswadeep and many other . The rajya sabha is having the power to do the administration as well as the administrative works on the union territories of India .

3. Abolish the vice -president : The rajya sabha is having the sole power to pass on a resolution to abolish the seat of the vice -president of India .

SO, we can conclude that although lok sabha is more powerful in terms of exercising power but rajya sabha enjoys certain special powers alone in the parliament of our nation

THE cold war era which began in the year 1945 which was first termed by George Orwell was a war between two superpowers and they were USSR ( UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC ) and the USA ( UNITED NATIONS AMERICA ) . it was much more a ideological  war the NATO was formed by the superpower USA along with its 11 other western European allies on the 4th April 1949. This block was created basically with the purpose of going  against the  USSR block the Warsaw pact , the NATO and its allies followed capitalism as its ideology as well as a source of collective defence and along with that winning as a great superpower and influence the world with its ideology , objectives and policies .