In India, a woman is the victim of a crime every minute. Whether they are at home, in public, or at work, women are not safe. Women must be aware of the laws that have been put in place to protect them given the number of crimes that are committed against them regularly.

These laws have been established to protect you as a parent, wife, daughter, employee, and person, and you must be aware of them. Women are given special protection under the Constitution and therefore by the numerous Acts passed by the Union Government and the states. Here are the ten women safety rights that every woman should know:

Right Against Being Stalked:

The IPC’s Section 354D allows for legal action to be taken against an offender who follows a woman, makes repeated attempts to get in touch with her to foster personal interaction despite obvious disinterest, or keeps tabs on how she uses the internet, email, or any other form of electronic communication.

Right Against Workplace Harassment:

A woman has the right to report any form of sexual harassment at her place of employment under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act. She has three months from the date of the act’s passage to file a written complaint with an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) at a branch office.

Right Against Domestic Violence:

A woman who is a wife, female live-in partner, or a woman who lives in a household with a man, such as a mother or sister, is protected under Section 498 of the Indian Constitution from domestic violence (including verbal, economic, emotional, and sexual abuse) committed by a husband, male live-in partner, or family members. The accused will receive a fine in addition to a period of non-bailable imprisonment that can last up to three years.

Right Against Dowry:

According to the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, dowries cannot be given or accepted by brides, grooms, or their parents during, before, or after marriage. Any property or valuable security supplied or agreed to be granted by one party to the other, directly or indirectly, is defined as “dowry” under the Act, although it specifically excludes dower or mahr in the case of people to whom the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) applies. If you provide, take, or assist someone else in giving or taking dowry, you will receive at least five years in prison and a fine of Rs.15,000 as punishment.

Right to Free Legal Aid:

If you are a woman who has been harmed, you have the right to ask for free legal services from the legal services authority, authorised under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, whether or not you can afford legal representation on your own. At the district, state, and federal levels, respectively, there are authorities for legal services. Legal services include everything from giving clients advice on legal matters to representing them in court or other legal proceedings.

National Commission for Women Act, 1990:

The National Commission for Women (NCW) was established in January 1992 and is a statutory organisation of the Indian government. In 2014, Lalitha Kumaramangalam was chosen to serve as its Chairperson. The NCW speaks up for Indian women’s rights and gives voice to their problems and issues. The National Commission for Women Act works to advance women’s position and promotes their economic independence.

Right Not To Be Arrested At Night:

A woman cannot be detained between the hours of dark and sunrise unless there is an unusual circumstance and the arrest is authorised by a first-class magistrate. The law further stipulates that a woman may only be questioned by the police at her home in the presence of a female constable, her family, or friends.

Right To Anonymity:

The only factor preventing the majority of Indian women from complaining is the cultural expectation that they uphold the status of the family. Thus, everyone has the right to anonymity, but those who have been subjected to sexual assault or harassmentespecially need it. To safeguard her privacy, a victim of sexual assault may give an anonymous statement under Section 228(A) of the Indian Penal Code before the District Magistrate during a trial or in front of a female police officer.

Right of Private Defence:

This is a defence-related right provided if you face the risk of causing significant harm, severe harm, or even death when protecting your body or the body of another person from the aggressor. Only a few circumstances, such as when you think your attacker is likely to kill you, gravely hurt you, rape you, abduct you, lock you in a room, or throw or attempt to throw acid at you, allow you to kill the attacker without facing legal repercussions or punishments.

Women’s Safety In Night Shifts:

No woman shall be permitted or required to work, whether as an employee or otherwise, in any establishment between the hours of 9 p.m. and 7 a.m. during the summer and between the hours of 8 p.m. and 8 a.m. during the winter, according to Section 14 of the Delhi Shops and Commercial Establishment Act, 1954. However, this depends from state to state. The employer is responsible for providing women employees with proper protection and workplace safety.

The goal of sustainable technology is twofold: to produce new technologies using sustainable processes and materials, and to use technologies to address environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues. Sustainable technologies may range from physical technologies like solar panels, to ESG reporting and ESG performance management software.

When developing technology sustainably, organizations may consider factors such as resources used to develop the technology, the provider of those materials and potential negative output throughout the technology’s life cycle, such as emissions or e-waste. In this sense, sustainable technology describes a mindset or philosophy when it comes to creating and implementing technologies.

When deploying a sustainable product or technology, companies often set out to make progress toward ESG-related objectives. For example, organizations may create technologies that reduce fossil-fuel consumption like electric vehicles or remove waste through decarbonization initiatives.

Companies can also use sustainable technologies to reduce their carbon footprint. For instance, they can leverage artificial intelligence (AI) to run diagnostics and determine what areas of their business produce the most waste. With those insights, they can then use carbon accounting to identify opportunities to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions or advocate for adopting renewable energy sources.

Sustainability can be defined as the long-term ambition for people to co-exist on Earth without depleting its natural resources. Ultimately, the goal is to create a better future for both people and the planet. Experts generally agree that there are three dimensions or pillars of sustainability: environmental, social and economic.

Many business leaders are aware of these dimensions given that they coincide with the triple bottom line, a sustainability framework that revolves around the three P’s: people, planet and profit. By maximizing all three bottom lines, organizations are more likely to achieve sustainability in business.

Organizations are realizing they don’t need to sacrifice their bottom line to become a sustainable business and reduce their environmental impact. In fact, some companies are seeing greater margins by developing and deploying sustainable technologies. As a result, they’re finding new ways to assess risks and improve resiliency while also considering external regulations and development goals in their decision-making.

Why is sustainable technology important?

Technology has become heavily ingrained in our society and lives, impacting the way we interact with the world around us. At the same time, people and businesses are grappling with a host of serious, unprecedented challenges: the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; the growing impact of climate change and the depletion of natural resources; and ever-increasing demands on the world’s energy resources and food supply. These challenges have spurred growing disruptions, both in the everyday lives of people around the world and in the operations and supply chains critical to businesses large and small.

Sustainable technology offers an opportunity to reframe our relationship with existing innovations in a way that helps address environmental and societal challenges. For instance, companies can leverage technology solutions like the Internet of Things (IoT) to optimize routes and make fleet management more sustainable. Similarly, an organization’s procurement department can operate more sustainably by tapping into a growing ecosystem of digital technologies like AI and the cloud to automate and optimize purchase order management.

The role of software in sustainable technology:

Another type of sustainable technology is software. There are several ways software can be sustainable, For instance, it’s estimated that over 80% of all product-related environmental impacts are determined during the design phase.1 Designers can embed sustainability into their software development strategies by making sure that the user, community and social value outweigh any negative environmental or social impact of the software.

The future of sustainable technology :

Sustainable technologies can empower organizations to reimagine their business models to better balance financial performance with sustainability goals. For instance, financial services companies can leverage the cloud to reduce on-premises energy consumption in their data centers. Consumer goods companies can introduce robotic process automation into their manufacturing processes to improve accuracy and reduce waste. Healthcare organizations can replace physical health records with electronic ones, reducing waste while boosting security by storing the encrypted patient data in a blockchain.

India is a country that is located in the southernmost part of the continent asia.The country India has the second most largest population in the world. India is the seventh largest country in the world . India is also known as the subcontinent of asia.India is surrounded by the three oceans namely indian ocean,bay of bengal and arabian sea. These three sea meets in kanyakumari present in tamilnadu in india. The northernmost state of india is the Jammu and Kashmir and the southernmost part is the Tamil Nadu.

Geography Of India:

The area of India is about 3.28 million square kilometer. The mainland extends between 8°4’ and 37°6’ in latitude.In longitude the area of india extends between 68°7’ and 97°25’ . The tropic of cancer divides the india into almost two halves.The coastline of india is about 7517 km.The india has great diversity not only in population but also in landforms such as mountains,valleys ,plains,plateau and deserts .

Division Of Indian Geography:

Indian geography can be divided into two types.

Physical geography.

Political geography.

India has almost 28 states and 8 union territories.It also includes one national capital.

States And Union Territories:

The largest state in India is Rajasthan. The area of Rajasthan is about 3,42,239 kilometres. Rajasthan also shares its borders with Punjab ,Haryana,Uttar Pradesh,Madhya Pradesh,Gujarat and Pakistan provinces of sind and punjab.The smallest state of india is Goa.The area of goa is about 3700 kilometres.

Uttar Pradesh is known as the most popular state in india.The prosperous state of India is Gujarat.The states like Mizoram,Sikkim,Nagaland,Tripura and Manipur are in eastern part of india.

The EIGHT union territories of India are as follows.

Chandigarh

Dadra and nagar haveli.

Daman and diu.

Lakshadweep.

Puducherry.

Andaman and Nicobar.

Jammu and Kashmir

Political Boundaries:

India shares its political borders with seven countries.They are as follows.

Pakistan in the west.

Nepal in the northeast.

China in the northeast.

Bhutan in the northeast.

Myanmar in the east.

Bangladesh in the east.

Srilanka in the south.

Physical Geography

Based on the physical geography India can be divided into six.

Mountains.

Plains.

Plateau.

Coastal plains.

Deserts.

islands.

Rivers In India:

India has 12 major rivers.The Brahmaputra river is also known as the trans boundary river. The origin of the river is Tibet. From Tibet it enters into the Arunachal pradesh. Then it enters into Bangladesh and goes into the bay of bengal.

The longest river of India is the river Ganga. It is the holy river and auspicious river of india.The tributary of the ganges is the river Yamuna.The tributary of Yamuna is the river Chambal.The other rivers of india are godavari from Maharashtra, Krishna from Mahabaleshwar, Narmada from Madhya Pradesh, Kaveri between TamilNadu and Karnataka and Mahanadi between Chattisgarh and Odisha.

India is one of the beautiful country. Protecting this country is in the hands of its citizens. So this article has explained the geographical conditions of india.

Education is an essential factor in the ever more urgent global fight against climate change. Knowledge regarding this phenomenon helps young people to understand and tackle the consequences of global warming, encourages them to change their behaviour and helps them to adapt to what is already a global emergency.

Benjamin Franklin once wrote: “An investment in knowledge pays the best interest”. In environmental matters, and more particularly, in anything related to climate change, UNESCO endorses this view. For UNESCO, education, especially when focused on children and young people, is a key factor in helping to curb climate change. Specifically, it says that “education… encourages changes in young people’s attitudes and behaviour and helps them to adapt to climate change-related trends”.

The importance of environmental literacy

In the past few years, various initiatives have been launched to try to curb climate change. Prominent among them are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promoted by the United Nations (UN) since 2012. One of them, number 13, is entitled Climate Action.

The success of these kinds of initiatives is largely dependent on environmental literacy drives among populations that are often strangers to these major political agreements, and on the development of a culture of care for the climate. But what exactly do we mean by environmental literacy? Educating citizens, especially children, and raising their awareness regarding the causes and consequences of climate change.

In fact the UN, as part of its commitment to education on climate change, says that “it is just as important to make progress in areas such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and formulating effective government policies as it is to provide education and training to raise awareness in as wide an audience as possible

As part of this change in approach, experts point to the importance of starting to use concepts that hitherto seemed the reserve of scientists. We’re talking about global warming, greenhouse gases, renewable energy, carbon footprint, deforestation, recycling, green jobs, green taxes, water footprint, sustainable food, etc.

Developing a culture of caring for the environment

As well as familiarisation with and use of the vocabulary. Experts are increasingly stressing the importance of educating children on environmental matters and developing a culture of caring for the climate. For example a recent report by the University of Stanford looked at how this subject had benefited pupils from nursery school through to leaving secondary school, concluding that 83% of pupils improved their environmental behaviour.

How to bring educational training to schools? As well as including it as a compulsory subject, with Italy, so far, being the only European country to have done this, there are numerous climate change related activities that can be carried out in schools. For example: activities in nature relating to caring for the environment, such as clean-up operations, visits farms and nurseries to learn at first-hand how to look after animals and plants, courses and workshops on recycling, etc.

There are also many technological resources, such as the Educaclima platform, which offer teachers free educational resources related to the environment — climate change, responsible consumption, energy and mobility, etc. — that they can be put into practice with children in the classroom.

Indian Party System is unique. It does not fit in any kind of the party systems. It is defined by the singular nature of Indian Politics on the one had and the nature of the state-society relationship on the other. In the last two decades, there has been a substantial change both in the nature of Politics as well as in nature of relationship between the state and the society. One of the utmost manifestations of this change is visible in the context of the politicisation of greater number of people, especially those belonging to the less privileged section of the society. That explains change in the nature of the Party system as well. The distinctive features that defined a party system of India during the first two decades after independence, no more to be seen at present.

In order to understand the present nature of the party system, it is important to trace its history and to refer to its political logic in the context of the changing state-society relationship.

Keywords: Ideology, Socio-Economic, Electoral dominance, unsubstantial change, Homogeneity, Coalition Government.

Introduction: Party system in a democracy normally reforms to the pattern of infraction and competition between political parties. In India the pattern of interaction and competition among Political parties has given way to the multi-party system. This kind of characterisation of the party system, is however, more accurate as of now than that existed a few decades ago.

What existed then was the impeccable hegemony of the Congress party and this was well characterised by Kothari and Jones as a ‘Dominant Party System’ that is multiparty system in which free competition among political parties occurred but it was the Indian National Congress which enjoyed a dominant position both in terms of the number of seats it held in the Parliament and the state legislative assemblies and in terms of its immense organisational strength. Kothari coined the term the ‘Congress System’. And Jones called it a ‘Congress Dominated System’.

1. Understand the nature of the party system in India and Identify its various characteristics;

2. Analyse the changing nature of the party system and explain the emerging patterns;

and

3. Discuss the socio-economic and the political factors underlying the changing nature of party politics.

Nature of Party System: First Two Decades after Independence: Rajni Kothari has argued in his ‘Politics in India’ that the party system evolved from an identifiable political centre. This political centre, carved during the nationalist movement, was comprised of the political elite sharing common socio-economic background i.e. educated, urban, upper-caste people belonging mainly to middle and upper classes.

 The common social background of the elite resulted in the homogeneity that became a defining feature of the political centre as well as of the party system. The ruling party and the opposition, coming from the same background, shared the social perceptions and converged social on many issues. The Indian National Congress was the Intuitional manifestation of this political centre not only was it an important expression of the nationalist movement but also a dynamic political organization that formed the indigenous base for the political system. Accommodating almost all political groups of political importance, it provided a very crucial political space for political negotiations and bargaining.

Dominant Party Systems: Basic Characteristics:

The party system during the first two decades after independence was termed as the Single Dominant Party System. It was a multiparty system where the ruling party played and overwhelmingly dominant role. Although a number of other political parties existed and operated politically, yet the. Central space of politics was occupied by the Indian National Congress only. The dominance of the congress was determined by its immense organisational strengths as well as its capability to capture large number of seats both in the Union Parliament and the state legislatures.

Dominance of the Congress as the ruling party did not mean absence of competition.

The numerous parties in opposition provided competition. Yet, such competition did not result in effectively challenging the dominant position of the ruling party. Morries Jones aptly described this phenomenon as ‘dominance coexisting with competition but without a trace of alteration. In electoral terms, it implied that although a number of opposition parties entered the electoral arena but none of them singly or in combination could secure substantial number of seats to replace the congress as the ruling party.

These parties were fragmented and poorly represented in the Union and the state legislatures. Congress continued to return its candidates in large numbers, in fact, in proportionately large numbers than the votes polled in its favour.

Due to their inability to provide an alternative to the ruling party or even to challenge its position of dominance, the opposition parties did not play the traditional role of opposition. On the contrary, their role was limited to that of constantly pressurising,criticising the ruling party. The parties in opposition, therefore, operated as the parties of pressure.

One of the important features of the Congress party that helped it to sustain its position of dominance was its capacity to represent divergent social groups and interests. As it drew its support from different sections of society, it played the role of agreat umbrella party. During the nationalist movement it had accommodated diverse groups into its fold and had stressed on the need for their unity with in the same organisational structure. It had therefore assumed the character of a board coalition. In the post-independence period, it continued to absorb the dominant social elements and balance different interests that helped it to maintain its unchallenged position of power.

Through its accommodative and adaptive politics, if could curb the role and relevance of opposition.

Changed Socio-Economic Profile: Dislocation of Political Centre: Change in the nature of the party system in the decades after 1960s, according to Rajini Kothari, was the consequence of the ‘changed socio-economic and demographic profile of the polity.’ Such a change in the profile of the polity was a consequence of the political mobilisation of the masses as well as the emergence of new political classes. The political mobilization of the masses was a logical consequence of the electoral politics based upon the principle of universal adult franchise. Frequently held elections helped in increasing the political consciousness of mass of Indians, especially those belonging to the backward and lower castes.

Party System after 1967: The nature of the Indian Polity as well as the party system underwent a substantial change after 1967. This change has been described in varied terms.

According to Kothari, this was the beginning of the decline of the dominant party system. While Morris-Jones attributes this to the emergence of ‘a Market Polity’ in which the number of opposition parties were brought fully into the market place and competition that had previously occurred within the Congress, was now brought into the realm of interparty conflict. A number of new political forces and formulations started emerging making the electoral politics more competitive. All this led gradually to the decline of Congress.