The British policies of permanent settlement and the ryotwari system in India had serious economic consequences. Permanent settlement, which was mainly implemented in Bengal, fixed the level of land income permanently, placing the burden of income adjustment directly on the peasants This discouraged agricultural reform because landowners have no incentive to invest in productive land or infrastructure for fear of higher taxes

Similarly, the ryotwari system implemented in places like the Madras Rashtrapatita imposed revenue directly on individual farmers. This increased direct British rule but often led to higher demands during periods of poor harvests, leaving many peasants in debt and perpetuating a cycle of poverty

Both policies contributed to increased land ownership among elites and increased rural debt. hindered agricultural modernization and industrialization, as peasant farmers lacked protection of land rights and faced exploitative practices by revenue collectors

Moreover, the unevenness of local economies undermined these policies and contributed to socioeconomic unrest and interference with the British and wealth in India. Vati is independently beyond much But they would stay

Introduction:

India has changed significantly since it won its independence in 1947. In the beginning, it was a planning economy which aimed at rapid industrialization and development with the help of state-run enterprises. The public sector played a key role in critical industries such as steel, energy, telecommunications and infrastructure where private investment was minimal.

Early years:

Even so, the 1990s marked the turning point for economic reforms that brought about liberalization, privatization and globalization (LPG reforms). Consequently, the public sector’s role had to be re-calibrated. Strategic disinvestments and privatizations were meant to reduce inefficiencies, enhance competitiveness as well as attract private capital. It sought to create an enabling environment for the private businesses while maintaining public control over areas like atomic energy, railways and defense that are strategically important.

Currently:

Today in India, there is a dynamic private sector alongside a public one that supports infrastructure growth social welfare programs and regulation. Public sector entities continue to employ many people while also contributing significantly towards economic stability but they face inefficiency challenges bureaucratic hurdles and political interference

Conclusion:

Generally speaking, this shift indicates an evolution towards a mixed economy.

The Government of Indian Act of 1935 and 1919 were landmark legislations that had an effect on the process of India’s independence struggle, each with different attributes.

*Government of India Act of 1919’s reforms were also notable as it expanded the provincial legislative councils and introduced diarchy in which some powers were devolved to Indian ministers while the major aspects of administration remained under British control. This act marked a shift towards limited self-governance, albeit within the confines of British paramountcy

*Contrary to this, government act made in 1935 was more ambitious proposing a federal system for India where provinces would have greater autonomy and a wider franchise. It also envisaged a bicameral federal legislature and enhanced provincial autonomy. However, its implementation was delayed due to World War II, and only provincial autonomy provisions were partly enacted.

Through these acts, demands for self-governance among Indians and political consciousness developed during this period in relation to India’s independence movement. The 1919 Act had given Indians a taste of political power but not without controversy hence triggering further calls for reforms and independence. The defective nature together with late implementation notwithstanding, the 1935 Act laid the foundation for post-independence governance arrangements.The 1919 act gave visuals of political power, on other side 1935 act focused on comprehensive federal system. The both acts have played important role in shaping the India’s independence movement and future governance too.