Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the Home Minister in the interim government, was responsible for unifying these to create a united country I.e. India. He played a crucial role in integrating the princely states in India. It can be seen as following:

JawaharLal Nehru asked him to integrate the princely states and with the help of VP Menon, Patel drafted an instrument of accession to be signed by the rulers. By signing the instrument, the princely states agreed to hand over control of defence, foreign affairs, and communications to the Union government.

Patel also introduced the idea of ‘privy purses,’ making payments to the royal families in lieu of their joining India. Most of the states joined the India, however, some states like Travancore and Bhopal were still hesitant to join India and the Constituent Assembly.

Patel took following actions to integrate these princely states:

Hyderabad: When the Nizam of Hyderabad was contemplating either remaining independent or joining Pakistan, Patel sent a contingent of troops into the state to support the freedom struggle going on in the state against the Nizam. Within four days, India had control of Hyderabad.

Jodhpur: The Prince of Jodhpur wanted to join Pakistan. When Patel got wind of the situation, he immediately contacted him, offering several benefits to get the Prince to accede to India.

Junagadh: The Nawab of Junagadh had accepted Pakistan’s offer. As the locals revolted against the Nawab, he fled to Karachi. Patel then requested Pakistan to allow organizing a plebiscite in Junagadh. He later sent troops to force the annexation of its three principalities. The Dewan of Junagadh was forced to accede to India. A plebiscite was held, where 91 percent of the population voted to remain in India.

Kashmir: The Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, was reluctant to join either India or Pakistan. When armed tribesmen from Pakistan entered Kashmir, the Maharaja appealed to India for help. Patel and Nehru agreed to send in help if Singh signed the instrument of accession. Thus, Kashmir was included in the Union of India.

Manipur: It became a constitutional monarchy in 1948. In the Legislative Assembly of Manipur there were sharp differences over the question of merger of Manipur with India. The Maharaja Bodhchandra was pressured by the government of India to sign the instrument of accession.

Artificial intelligence, or AI, involves using computers to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as taking decisions or recognizing text, speech or visual images.

While it has some misuse also which causes several serious loss :-

Deepfakes: AI-powered algorithms that manipulate appearances and voices of people into real-looking footage.

As deepfakes are created through AI, they don’t require the considerable skill that it would take to create a realistic video otherwise, which implies that just about anyone could create a deepfake to promote their chosen agenda.

Cyber crime: AI can be exploited to mount automated hacking attacks, commit financial frauds, cut through a nation’s security framework, can even facilitate terrorism and radicalisation.

Invasion of privacy and social grading: governments can use the data to govern through AI, people’s social media habits, introduce policies to police people with the help of Face IDs, like it’s done in countries such as China.

Existential risk from artificial intelligence is the hypothesis that substantial progress in artificial intelligence could someday result in human extinction or some other unrecoverable global catastrophe because of its “super intelligent” powers that could become difficult to control in future.

Social manipulation: Cambridge Analytica and others associated with the firm who used the data from 50 million Facebook users to try to sway the outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election and the U.K.’s Brexit referendum, illustrate AI’s power for social manipulation.

Ocean currents are caused by various forces acting on seawater.

Pressure Gradient: These forces result from differences in water density due to temperature and salinity changes.

The Coriolis Effect:

– It is caused by Earth’s rotation and also plays a significant role in determining the direction of ocean currents. It causes moving objects to appear deflected in a particular direction, resulting in clockwise currents in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise currents in the Southern Hemisphere.

Geostrophic Currents:

– In most of the ocean away from the boundary layers, frictional forces have less impact. The equation of motion for horizontal forces is a simple balance between the horizontal pressure gradient and the Coriolis force. This balance is called geostrophic balance.

– On a non-rotating Earth, water would flow from high to low pressure due to a horizontal pressure gradient.

Frictional Forces: When water moves through the oceans, it encounters friction, which slows it down. Imagine a faster-moving layer of water dragging along a slower-moving layer, causing a transfer of momentum between them. This is called frictional forces.

The movement of water is affected by turbulence, transferring energy to smaller scales until it dissipates heat. Wind blowing over the sea surface also transfers momentum, creating wind-driven circulation. Ocean currents along the ocean floor and sides are also influenced by friction with the motionless ocean floor removing momentum from the water circulation.

Ocean currents are caused by various forces acting on seawater.

Pressure Gradient: These forces result from differences in water density due to temperature and salinity changes.

The Coriolis Effect:

– It is caused by Earth’s rotation and also plays a significant role in determining the direction of ocean currents. It causes moving objects to appear deflected in a particular direction, resulting in clockwise currents in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise currents in the Southern Hemisphere.

Geostrophic Currents:

– In most of the ocean away from the boundary layers, frictional forces have less impact. The equation of motion for horizontal forces is a simple balance between the horizontal pressure gradient and the Coriolis force. This balance is called geostrophic balance.

– On a non-rotating Earth, water would flow from high to low pressure due to a horizontal pressure gradient.

Frictional Forces: When water moves through the oceans, it encounters friction, which slows it down. Imagine a faster-moving layer of water dragging along a slower-moving layer, causing a transfer of momentum between them. This is called frictional forces.

The movement of water is affected by turbulence, transferring energy to smaller scales until it dissipates heat. Wind blowing over the sea surface also transfers momentum, creating wind-driven circulation. Ocean currents along the ocean floor and sides are also influenced by friction with the motionless ocean floor removing momentum from the water circulation.

1. The Moon and Earth exert a gravitational pull on each other. On Earth, the Moon’s gravitational pull causes the oceans to bulge out on both the side closest to the Moon and the side farthest from the Moon. These bulges create high tides. The low points are where low tides occur.
2. The Moon’s gravitational pull on Earth, combined with other, tangential forces, causes Earth’s water to be redistributed, ultimately creating bulges of water on the side closest to the Moon and the side farthest from the Moon.

Rising and ebbing tides happen as Earth’s landmasses rotate through the tidal bulges created by the Moon’s gravitational pull. Our observer sees the tides rise when passing through the bulges, and fall when passing through the low points. Of course, in reality the Earth isn’t a smooth ball, so tides are also affected by the presence of continents, the shape of the Earth, the depth of the ocean in different locations, and more. The timing and heights of the tide near you will be affected by those additional elements.

Thia is the main reason for low and high tides.