Strengthening the institutional capacity and independence of anti-corruption agencies like the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Lokpal is crucial for effective corruption control. Here’s an analysis of the measures taken by the Indian government to enhance these agencies and an evaluation of their effectiveness:

Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
Measures Taken:

Legislative Framework: The CBI operates under the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946, which has been amended over time to improve its functioning and jurisdiction.
Autonomy Enhancements: Efforts have been made to improve the operational autonomy of the CBI, although there are ongoing debates about its independence given its reporting structure to the Ministry of Personnel.
Resource Allocation: The government has periodically increased the budget and resources allocated to the CBI to enhance its investigative capabilities.
Training and Capacity Building: Initiatives have been implemented to improve the skills and knowledge of CBI personnel through specialized training programs.
Effectiveness:

Strengths: The CBI has been instrumental in high-profile investigations and has developed expertise in tackling complex corruption cases. Increased funding and specialized training have enhanced its investigative capacity.
Challenges: Despite these efforts, the CBI’s effectiveness has been questioned due to its perceived lack of autonomy and potential political influence. Allegations of misuse and delays in investigations have also affected its credibility. Additionally, the agency’s focus on high-profile cases sometimes comes at the expense of systemic corruption.
Lokpal
Measures Taken:

Establishment and Structure: The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, established the Lokpal as an independent body to address grievances related to corruption among public officials. The Lokpal has the authority to investigate and prosecute cases of corruption.
Appointment Process: The selection process for the Lokpal involves a search committee and a panel comprising the Prime Minister, Chief Justice of India, and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha to ensure the appointment of credible and independent individuals.
Operational Independence: The Lokpal is designed to operate independently of government control and has the power to investigate and recommend action against public officials involved in corruption.
Effectiveness:

Strengths: The Lokpal represents a significant institutional development aimed at increasing transparency and accountability. Its establishment has been a step forward in formalizing anti-corruption mechanisms and providing a dedicated body to handle corruption complaints.
Challenges: The Lokpal has faced challenges in its effectiveness, including delays in appointments, limited staff and resources, and a backlog of cases. Additionally, its effectiveness is often hampered by procedural and administrative issues, which can delay or obstruct investigations and actions against corrupt officials.
Overall Assessment
Strengths:

Both the CBI and Lokpal have made strides in enhancing their capacities and independence. Increased resources, training, and institutional frameworks have contributed to their roles in combating corruption.
The creation of the Lokpal has institutionalized a higher level of oversight and accountability for public officials.
Challenges:

The effectiveness of these agencies is often compromised by political influences, resource constraints, and procedural inefficiencies.
The CBI’s perceived lack of autonomy can undermine its role as an impartial investigator, while the Lokpal’s operational challenges limit its ability to address corruption effectively.
Recommendations for Improvement:

Strengthening Autonomy: Enhancing the institutional independence of the CBI and ensuring robust mechanisms to safeguard the Lokpal from political or administrative interference can improve their effectiveness.
Resource Allocation: Ensuring adequate funding and resources for both the CBI and Lokpal is crucial for their operational efficiency and capability to handle corruption cases.
Streamlining Processes: Addressing procedural delays and improving the efficiency of case handling can enhance the effectiveness of both institutions in combating corruption.
In summary, while significant measures have been taken to strengthen the CBI and Lokpal, addressing their challenges and improving their operational independence and capacity are essential for effective anti-corruption efforts.